Attach to Form 990 or Form 990-EZ.
See separate instructions.| (i) Name of supported organization |
(ii) EIN |
(iii) Type of organization (described on lines 1- 9 above or IRC section (see instructions)) |
(iv) Is the organization in col. (i) listed in your governing document? |
(v) Did you notify the organization in col. (i) of your support? |
(vi) Is the organization in col. (i) organized in the U.S.? |
(vii) Amount of support? |
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| Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||||
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| Calendar year(or fiscal year beginning in) | (a) 2007 | (b) 2008 | (c) 2009 | (d) 2010 | (e) 2011 | (f) Total | |
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| 1 | Gifts, grants, contributions, and membership fees received. (Do not include any "unusual grants.") .... | ||||||
| 2 | Tax revenues levied for the organization's benefit and either paid to or expended on its behalf....... | ||||||
| 3 | The value of services or facilities furnished by a governmental unit to the organization without charge.. | ||||||
| 4 | Total. Add lines 1 through 3.. | ||||||
| 5 | The portion of total contributions by each person (other than a governmental unit or publicly supported organization) included on line 1 that exceeds 2% of the amount shown on line 11, column (f).. | ||||||
| 6 | Public Support. Subtract line 5 from line 4. | ||||||
| Calendar year(or fiscal year beginning in) | (a) 2007 | (b) 2008 | (c) 2009 | (d) 2010 | (e) 2011 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | Amounts from line 4.. | ||||||
| 8 | Gross income from interest, dividends, payments received on securities loans, rents, royalties and income from similar sources.. | ||||||
| 9 | Net income from unrelated business activities, whether or not the business is regularly carried on.. | ||||||
| 10 | Other income. (Explain in Part IV.) Do not include gain or loss from the sale of capital assets.. | ||||||
| 11 | Total support (Add lines 7 through 10). | ||||||






| Calendar year(or fiscal year beginning in) | (a) 2007 | (b) 2008 | (c) 2009 | (d) 2010 | (e) 2011 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gifts, grants, contributions, and membership fees received. (Do not include any "unusual grants.") . | ||||||
| 2 | Gross receipts from admissions, merchandise sold or services performed, or facilities furnished in any activity that is related to the organization's tax-exempt purpose...... | ||||||
| 3 | Gross receipts from activities that are not an unrelated trade or business under section 513.. | ||||||
| 4 | Tax revenues levied for the organization's benefit and either paid to or expended on its behalf... | ||||||
| 5 | The value of services or facilities furnished by a governmental unit to the organization without charge.. | ||||||
| 6 | Total. Add lines 1 through 5. | ||||||
| 7a | Amounts included on lines 1, 2, and 3 received from disqualified persons... | ||||||
| b | Amounts included on lines 2 and 3 received from other than disqualified persons that exceed the greater of $5,000 or 1% of the amount on line 13 for the year. | ||||||
| c | Add lines 7a and 7b.. | ||||||
| 8 | Public Support (Subtract line 7c from line 6.) | ||||||
| Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) | (a) 2007 | (b) 2008 | (c) 2009 | (d) 2010 | (e) 2011 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | Amounts from line 6... | ||||||
| 10a | Gross income from interest, dividends, payments received on securities loans, rents, royalties and income from similar sources.. | ||||||
| b | Unrelated business taxable income (less section 511 taxes) from businesses acquired after June 30, 1975. | ||||||
| c | Add lines 10a and 10b. | ||||||
| 11 | Net income from unrelated business activities not included in line 10b, whether or not the business is regularly carried on. | ||||||
| 12 | Other income. Do not include gain or loss from the sale of capital assets (Explain in Part IV.) | ||||||
| 13 | Total support (Add lines 9, 10c, 11 and 12.). | ||||||




| Facts And Circumstances Test |
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| Explanation |
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| THE INSTITUTE IS A MEDICAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATION FOR ITS TAXABLE YEAR ENDED AUGUST 31, 2012, AS ITS EXPENDITURES OF $812,132,587 ON A CASH BASIS FOR THE YEAR ENDED AUGUST 31, 2011 EXCEEDED THE MRO REQUIREMENT of $574,391,900 (3.5% OF THE HHMI ENDOWMENT). |
| List of hospital affiliations: Hospital, City, State, Zip Code/ B&W Hospital,Boston,MA,02115/ Children's Hosp,Boston,MA,02115/ Children's Hosp,Cincinnati,OH,45229/ Dana-Farber,Boston,MA,02115/ Fred Hutch,Seattle,WA,98109/ JHopkins Hosp,Baltimore,MD,21205/ Mass Gen Hosp,Boston,MA,02129/ MSKCC,New York,NY,10021/ Nat'l Jewish,Denver,CO,80206/ St. Jude,Memphis,TN,38105/ Duke-Duke Hosp,Durham,NC,27706/ Emory-Univ Hosp,Atlanta,GA,30322/ NYU-NYU Hosps,New York,NY,10016/ OHSU-OHSU Hosp,Portland,OR,97239/ Rockefeller-Hosp,New York,NY,10021/ Stanford-Hosp,Palo Alto,CA,94305/ UCLA-Med Ctr,Los Angeles,CA,90095/ UCSD-Med Ctr,San Diego,CA,92093/ UCSF-UCSF Hosps,San Francisco,CA,94143/ UIowa-UIowa Hosps,Iowa City,IA,52242/ UMass-Med Ctr,Worcester,MA,01605/ UMich-UMich Hosp,Ann Arbor,MI,48109/ UPenn-UPenn Hosp,Philadelphia,PA,19104/ UT-Austin-UT Hosp,Austin,TX,78712/ UTSW-UTSW Hosps,Dallas,TX,75390/ UUtah-UUtah Hosps,Salt Lake City,UT,84112/ UWash-Med Ctr,Seattle,WA,98195/ Vanderbilt-Hosp,Nashville,TN,37232/ ADARC-aff hosp,New York,NY,10016/ AECOM-affil hosps,New York,NY,10461/ Baylor-aff hosps,Houston,TX,77030/ BU-aff hosp,Boston,MA,02126/ Brandeis-aff hsps,Waltham,MA,02254/ CalTech-aff hosps,Pasadena,CA,91125/ Carnegie-aff hsps,Baltimore,MD,21210/ Case WR-aff hosps,Cleveland,OH,44106/ CSHL-affil hosps,Cold Spring Harbor,NY,11724/ CSU-affil hosp,Fort Collins,CO,80521/ Columbia-aff hsps,New York,NY,10027/ Cornell-aff hosps,New York,NY,14853/ Harvard-aff hosps,Cambridge,MA,02138/ Indiana-affil hosp,Bloomington,IN,47405/ TJL-affil hosps,Bar Harbor,ME,04609/ JHU-affil hosps,Baltimore,MD,21218/ MichSU-affil hosps,Lansing,MI,48824/ MIT-affil hosps,Boston,MA,02139/ NWU-affil hosps,Evanston,IL,60208/ OMRF-aff hosp,Oklahoma City,OK,73104/ Princeton-aff hosps,Princeton,NJ,08544/ Purdue-aff hosp,W. Lafayette,IN,47907/ Rutgers-affil hosp,Piscataway,NJ,08854/ Salk-affil hosps,La Jolla,CA,92093/ Stowers-aff hosps,Kansas City,MO,64110/ SUNY-affil hosps,Stony Brook,NY,11794/ Texas A&M-aff hsp,College Station,TX,77843/ Tufts-aff hosps,Boston,MA,02111/ UAZ-affil hosp,Tucson,AZ,85721/ UCB-affil hosps,Berkeley,CA,94720/ UC-Davis-affil hsps,Davis,CA,95616/ UCR-affil hosps,Riverside,CA,92521/ UCSC-aff hosps,Santa Cruz,CA,95064/ UChi-affil hosp,Chicago,IL,60637/ UColo-aff hosp,Boulder,CO,80309/ UColo-aff hosp,Denver,CO,80217/ UFla-aff hosps,Gainesville,FL,32611/ UIllinois-aff hsp,Urbana,IL,61801/ UMD-affil hosp,Baltimore,MD,21201/ UNC-affil hosps,Chapel Hill,NC,27599/ UOregon-aff hsp,Eugene,OR,97403/ UWisc-affil hosps,Madison,WI,53706/ WashU-aff hosp,St.Louis,MO,63130/ YaleU-affil hosp,New Haven,CT,06520/ |
| Software ID: | |
| Software Version: |
Attach to Form 990 or 990-EZ.| Identifier | Return Reference | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Authority over Financial Account in a Foreign Country | Core Form, Part V, Line 4b | HHMI has signature authority over investment accounts in the above foreign countries through their custodian, Bank of New York Mellon: ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BELGIUM BERMUDA BRAZIL CANADA CHILE CHINA COLOMBIA CZECH REPUBLIC DENMARK EGYPT ESTONIA FINLAND FRANCE GERMANY GREECE HONG KONG HUNGARY INDIA INDONESIA IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY JAPAN JORDAN LUXEMBOURG MALAYSIA MAURITIUS MEXICO MOROCCO NETHERLANDS NEW ZEALAND NORWAY PERU PHILIPPINES POLAND PORTUGAL ROMANIA SINGAPORE SLOVENIA SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH KOREA SPAIN SRI LANKA SWEDEN SWITZERLAND TAIWAN THAILAND TURKEY UKRAINE UNITED KINGDOM URUGUAY VENEZUELA ZIMBABWE. HHMI also has direct signature authority in Mauritius and Singapore. |
| Description of 990 Review Process | Core Form, Part VI, Section B, Line 11A | The Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Form 990 is initially prepared by its Tax Compliance Department, in coordination with other HHMI departments as needed. The draft return is reviewed by senior management of HHMI and by attorneys in HHMI's Office of the General Counsel. Following these reviews and the resolution of any questions that have been raised, the draft return is reviewed by HHMI's outside tax preparer. Finally, a copy of the return is provided to the members of HHMI's Board of Trustees so that they have an opportunity to review and comment on the return before it is filed. |
| Conflict of Interest Policy | Core Form, Part VI, Section B, Line 12a-12c | In addition to HHMI's code of conduct, which addresses conflicts of interest and applies to all HHMI employees, officers, Trustees, and advisors, HHMI has specific conflict of interest policies for different categories of personnel. Under the HHMI policies that apply to Trustees, officers, and key employees, these individuals must disclose annually interests that could give rise to conflicts of interest, and must certify annually their compliance with the conflict of interest policy that applies to them. Annual disclosures and certifications are reviewed by HHMI's Office of the General Counsel, and by other HHMI managers as needed. The conflict of interest policy covering HHMI's Trustees also requires each Trustee to disclose to the other Trustees any actual or apparent conflict of interest with respect to a proposed HHMI transaction. If the other Trustees decide that there is only the appearance of a conflict of interest, and that it could not reasonably be considered to affect the independent, unbiased judgment of the disclosing Trustee with respect to the transaction at issue, no further action is required to address the apparent conflict. In all other cases, including all actual conflicts of interest, the disclosing Trustee is not permitted to participate in the deliberation or decision regarding the transaction under consideration, and must leave the room during the deliberation and vote. The conflict of interest policy covering HHMI's officers and key employees requires each covered individual to obtain supervisory approval up to the level of HHMI's President before entering into an affiliation with or acquiring an interest of 1% or more in any entity that is or may become a recipient of HHMI funds. HHMI's President, in consultation with HHMI's General Counsel, may permit the affiliation or interest if it would not interfere with the covered individual's performance of his or her HHMI responsibilities, would not create the appearance of a conflict of interest, and would be consistent with sound business judgment. HHMI's President may set conditions on approval, for example that there be no remuneration to the covered individual. Proposed affiliations and interests of 1% or more of HHMI's President are subject to the approval of the Chairman of the Trustees. |
| Process for determining compensation | Core Form, Part VI, Section B, Lines 15a-b | The compensation for HHMI's President, other officers, and key employees is set using the following procedures. Every other year, the Audit and Compensation Committee of HHMI's Board of Trustees engages one or more independent compensation consultants to conduct a study of comparable market data. The study includes data for HHMI's President, other officers, and key employees. The independent compensation consultants also provide an opinion regarding the reasonableness of the compensation arrangements for the positions included in the study. The study includes comparable market data for all components of compensation for each person covered by the study, including base salary, incentive compensation (if any), and benefits. The Committee relies on the market data and opinion provided by the compensation consultant in making recommendations to the Board of Trustees regarding compensation for HHMI's President, other officers and key employees. The decision is made by independent Trustees. Any Trustee who has a conflict of interest with respect to a specific officer or key employee must recuse himself or herself from the decision on that person's compensation, and leave the meeting room during the debate and voting on it. In the alternate years when a study is not done, the Audit and Compensation Committee confirms with the independent compensation consultants that the range of any proposed merit increases for HHMI employees, including senior management, is reasonable compared with generally prevailing compensation increases in the market over the past year. The Committee relies on this advice in recommending compensation for HHMI's President, other officers and key employees, and the Board of Trustees relies on this advice in making compensation decisions. Recusal procedures are the same in as in the years when a study is done. In each year, minutes of the discussions and decisions regarding compensation are prepared after each meeting and are submitted for approval at the next meeting. Approved minutes are kept in HHMI's records. All minutes include the date of the meeting, identify those Trustees who attended and voted on the compensation arrangements, and note any recusals of Trustees with a conflict of interest. The comparability studies and opinions relied on at the meeting are referenced in the minutes, and copies of these materials are also kept in HHMI's records. HHMI's Board of Trustees followed this process in August 2011 in determining compensation for the following positions: President; Vice Presidents; and Managing Directors - Investments. |
| Governing documents etc available to the public | Core Form, Part VI, Section C, Line 19 | HHMI's practice has been to make a copy of its charter and by-laws available on request. HHMI's code of conduct, which addresses conflicts of interest, is available to the public on the HHMI web site. A downloadable copy of HHMI's most recent audited financial statements is also available to the public on the web site. In addition, HHMI publishes an annual report that provides a summary of each year's activity, expenditures, and financial performance; this publication is widely distributed in print and is posted on the HHMI web site. |
| Whistleblower policy | Core Form, Part VI, Section B, Line 13 | HHMI has had a written whistleblower policy in place since 2003. This policy was approved by the Trustees during this past fiscal year. |
| Document Retention & Destruction Policy | Core Form, Part VI, Section B, Line 14 | HHMI has had written document retention and destruction policies in place for many years. These policies were adopted by HHMI's Trustees before the end of the tax year covered by this Form 990. |
| Other Changes of Net Assets | Core Form, Part XI, Line 5 | Unrealized gains on investments |
| Statement 1 | Part III, Program Service, line 4a - Medical Research | Medical Research (A) The HHMI Investigator Program (B) Janelia Farm Research Campus (C) Highlights from HHMI Research Laboratories (Fiscal Year 2012) (D) Honors and Awards Received by HHMI Scientists (A) The HHMI Investigator Program The Howard Hughes Medical Institute's approach to biomedical research can be summarized in three words: people, not projects. By appointing scientists as HHMI investigators - rather than awarding research grants - the Institute provides long-term, flexible funding that enables its researchers to pursue their scientific interests wherever they lead. HHMI believes that scientists of exceptional talent and imagination will make fundamental discoveries of lasting scientific value and benefit to humanity if they are given the resources, time, and freedom to pursue challenging questions. The Institute nurtures the creativity and intellectual daring of scientists who are willing to set aside conventional wisdom or the "easy" question for a fundamental problem that may take many years to solve. Among the characteristics that distinguish this group of scientists are qualities such as creativity, a penchant for risk-taking, and a commitment to discovery, productivity, and perseverance. This unique research model is an imaginative and powerful alternative to funding biomedical research through grants. The flagship HHMI Investigator Program employs more than 316 HHMI researchers, among them 13 Nobel laureates and 161 members of the National Academy of Sciences. In the last decade, HHMI investigators have won 9 Nobel Prizes. These exceptional scientists direct Institute research laboratories on the campuses of 72 universities and other research organizations throughout the United States. Since the early 1990s, investigators have been selected through rigorous national competitions. Beginning in 2006, the Institute began soliciting applications directly from scientists at medical schools and other research institutions in the United States, with the aim of identifying those who have the potential to make significant contributions to science. HHMI employs an open application process to ensure that it is selecting its researchers from a broad and deep pool of scientific talent. In 2012, HHMI announced that it would seek to appoint up to 30 new HHMI investigators through a national open competition. The competition was open to eligible applicants in 2012 and HHMI will select finalists in 2013. The initiative represents an additional, annual investment of approximately $200 million in basic biomedical research by the Institute. Once selected, HHMI investigators continue to be based at their home institutions, typically leading a research group of 10-25 students, postdoctoral associates and technicians, but they become Institute employees and are supported by HHMI field staff throughout the country. With freedom and flexibility come high expectations for intellectual output. HHMI demands creativity and innovation. Investigators are expected to work at the frontiers of their chosen field, to ask fundamental questions, and to take risks. HHMI prizes impact over publication volume in its merit-based renewal of investigator appointments and recognizes that some areas of research will proceed more slowly than others. The renewal of an investigator's five-year appointment is dependent on a rigorous peer-review process that centers on an evaluation of the originality and creativity of the investigator's work relative to others in the field, as well as the investigator's plan for future research. Those investigators whose appointments are not renewed remain HHMI employees for multi-year phase-out periods to facilitate their ability to obtain other funding for their research. A summary of research highlights and related information is attached. Highlights of research conducted, and awards received, by HHMI investigators during its year ended August 31, 2012 are included below. (B) Janelia Farm Research Campus The Janelia Farm Research Campus, open since 2006, offers a collaborative research environment for scientists across an array of disciplines who have focused on two broad scientific areas of scientific inquiry: the identification of general principles governing how neuronal circuits process information and development of imaging technologies and computational methods that support image analysis. It houses 53 laboratory groups, in addition to supporting graduate students and other scientific trainees, visiting scientists, and a vibrant scientific conference program. (C) Highlights from HHMI Research Laboratories (Fiscal Year 2012) (1) Demilitarized Zone Keeps Bacteria Where They Belong Lora V. Hooper, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center http://www.hhmi.org/news/hooper20111013.html At least 100 trillion bacteria live in the mammalian gut, where they make essential contributions to food digestion and energy production. One thing that has puzzled scientists about this diverse microbial community is how it avoids triggering chronic immune activation and inflammation. According to a new study in mice, an antibacterial protein called RegIII? is secreted by cells in the lining of the small intestine, killing any bacteria within a 50-micrometer radius - about the size of a speck of dust. The loss of this protective barrier, which the researchers call the 'demilitarized zone,' could be involved in inflammatory bowel disease or other diseases characterized by an inflamed intestine. (2) Genetic Controller Prepares Immune System for Diverse Threats Frederick W. Alt, Boston Children's Hospital http://www.hhmi.org/news/alt20110911.html Because the immune system cannot predict what invaders it will confront, it must be prepared to fend off virtually any foreign pathogen. This means manufacturing billions of distinct antibodies and pathogen-recognizing receptors, a feat that immune cells manage by reshuffling the segments of a limited number of antibody-encoding genes. Scientists have now identified a genetic regulator that controls this reshuffling. Mutating the regulatory region causes a cell to create an incorrect mishmash of antibody parts. The finding is important not only for understanding how antibodies are made, but for understanding how gene regulation can be coordinated across distant regions of the genome. (3) Rival, Predator, Mate: Detecting the Chemical Cues Catherine Dulac, Harvard University http://www.hhmi.org/news/dulac20110922.html The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a tubular structure located in the nose of most mammals. It has long been assumed to be primarily devoted to detecting the pheromones that tell individuals how to behave in the presence of a member of their own species - whether to mate or fight, for example. By studying the response of neurons in the VNOs of mice to chemical cues collected from a variety of species, researchers have discovered that the VNO is also sensitive to predators and competitors. Most neurons and receptors in the VNO are actually dedicated to the detection of animals from other species, they found. |
| Statement 1-continued | Part III, Program Service, line 4a - Medical Research | (C) Highlights from HHMI Research Laboratories (Fiscal Year 2012) continued (4) Getting a Look at Toxic Amyloid Structures David Eisenberg, University of California, Los Angeles http://www.hhmi.org/news/eisenberg20120319.html In neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, the needle-like fibers that accumulate in the brain are not the real damage-doers. The culprits are intermediate protein structures, called small amyloid oligomers, made of a few proteins that misfold and aggregate. The oligomers' fleeting existence makes them nearly impossible to study. By taking advantage of one amyloid protein that forms fibers more slowly than most, scientists have pinned down the structure of an amyloid oligomer. The structure-a cylinder of six protein chains-is unlike any of the 70,000 structures catalogued in the Protein Data Bank. (5) New Clues to Brain Development David H. Rowitch, University of California, San Francisco http://www.hhmi.org/news/rowitch20110928.html A new study concludes that in the subventricular zone of the human brain, where new brain cells are made throughout development, new cells are generated only until 18 months of age. The findings are different than what's been seen in rodents and birds, and could explain some of the complexity of the human brain, the researchers say. The work relied on a new collection of specially prepared brain samples established with HHMI support, which has also provided clues to why the brain can't reverse the cellular damage that results from certain diseases. (6) In the Brain, Each Taste has a Place Charles Zuker, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons http://www.hhmi.org/news/zuker20110902.html A new map charts out the brain's representations of taste, revealing that each taste, from sweet to salty, is sensed by a unique set of neurons. Selectively-tuned cells in the tongue are specialized to detect each of the five senses - sweet, bitter, salty, sour, and umami. But how does the brain know what the tongue is sensing? By watching neurons in the brain fire as mice tasted sweet, bitter, salty, sour, or umami, or as the corresponding receptors on the tongue were stimulated, scientists have shown that each taste corresponds to a different hotspot in the brain. (7) Swatting Insects' Sense of Smell Leslie B. Vosshall, The Rockefeller University http://www.hhmi.org/news/vosshall20110921.html The U.S. military developed DEET more than fifty years ago, and although it has been used to thwart mosquitoes and other bugs ever since, scientists have not really understood how it works. A new study in fruit flies suggests that DEET confuses insects by jamming their odor receptors. Understanding how the chemical works may help researchers develop compounds that are equally effective, but longer-lasting or more convenient to use - of particular importance in parts of the world where mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit are prevalent. (8) Reversing Sickle Cell Anemia Stuart H. Orkin, Boston Children's Hospital http://www.hhmi.org/news/orkin20111013.html Not long after birth, human babies begin producing blood bearing adult hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in blood. For children with sickle cell disease, the transition from the fetal to adult form of hemoglobin marks the onset of painful symptoms and anemia. Biomedical researchers have spent decades trolling for the basic molecular mechanisms that control the shift from fetal to adult hemoglobin. New research shows that silencing a protein known as BCL11A can reactivate fetal hemoglobin production and reverse sickle cell disease in adult mice. Knowing that BCL11A is one of the key players in regulating the production of fetal hemoglobin means the search for new drugs can shift to a higher gear, and that in the future, gene therapy for sickle cell disease may be feasible. (9) Record of Evolution in the Genome of a Spiny Fish David M. Kingsley, Stanford University School of Medicine http://www.hhmi.org/news/kingsley20120404.html Biologists treasure the small fish known as three-spine sticklebacks for their lessons about the genetic changes that drive evolution. Researchers have sequenced the stickleback genome for the first time, and they have discovered that as fish in different parts of the world adapted to live in fresh water, the same sites in the genome were changed time and again. Researchers have disagreed as to whether changes to the segments of the genome that encode proteins or alterations to regulatory DNA are more important in spurring evolution. The team's analysis of the stickleback genome suggests that both kinds of changes occurred as the fish evolved, but regulatory changes were about four times as common. (10) Structural CLOCKwork of Circadian Rhythms Joseph S. Takahashi, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center http://www.hhmi.org/news/takahashi20120531.html Every 24 hours, millions of 'clocks' inside our cells reset, helping to tune sleep patterns, blood pressure, and metabolism. Scientists have now determined the three-dimensional structure of two proteins that help keep those clocks in sync. The activity of thousands of genes fluctuates over the course of a day to drive the body's circadian rhythms and the proteins CLOCK and BMAL1 are the key activators of that system. When CLOCK and BMAL1 bind to one another inside cells, they initiate the first genetic events that coordinate the 24-hour cycle. Knowing the structure of the CLOCK:BMAL1 complex will help researchers understand the intricacies of how this regulation is carried out and how mutations in the proteins cause the biological clock to go awry. (11) First Picture of a Protein Family Vital to Human Health K. Christopher Garcia, Stanford University School of Medicine http://www.hhmi.org/news/garcia20120601.html The 20 proteins in the Wnt family are some of the most important proteins that control how an organism develops and grows, and they have long been considered potential drug targets for cancer and other diseases. But since they were discovered 30 years ago, scientists have not known what Wnt proteins look like. This year, scientists solved the first structure of a Wnt protein, revealing an unexpected three-dimensional shape that offers clues to how the proteins function. The new structure also clarifies the nature of the protein's receptor target for drug developers working to design anti-Wnt therapies. (12) Camera Captures Life Taking Shape Cell-by-Cell Philipp J. Keller, Janelia Farm Research Campus http://www.hhmi.org/news/keller20120603.html A new imaging technology developed at HHMI's Janelia Farm Research Campus lets users track each cell in an embryo as it takes shape over hours or days, a transformation that involves intricate rearrangements and thousands of cell divisions. The technique captures images at high-speed and from four different angles, then compiles them to produce dramatic images of biology in action. In a single movie, comprising a million images captured over about 20 hours, viewers can see biological structures begin to emerge as a simple cluster of cells morphs into the elongated body of a fruit fly with tens of thousands of densely packed cells. (13) DNA-Slicing System Borrowed from Bacteria Jennifer A. Doudna, University of California, Berkeley http://www.hhmi.org/news/doudna20120628.html For bacteria, snipping apart DNA that bears certain signature sequences is a defense mechanism. For scientists working in the lab, the same strategy can be a powerful research tool. Scientists have identified a method some bacteria use to guide a DNA-cutting enzyme to specific sites in the genomes of viruses and other invaders. From this bacterial complex, they have crafted a system in which an easily programmable guide RNA can be used to direct cleavage of double-stranded DNA at a desired target sequence. The system can be customized for a variety of applications, such as engineering biofuel-producing microorganisms or enabling cell-based medical therapies. (14) Kinetochore Structure Reveals How It Takes Hold Tamir Gonen, Janelia Farm Research Campus http://www.hhmi.org/news/gonen20120820.html When cells divide, it is crucial that the resulting daughter cells receive the same genetic information contained in the parent. To enable this, cells prepare to divide by making copies of their chromosomes. As the cell elongates, pairs of identical chromosomes separate and each partner is drawn toward an opposite end of the cell by a component of the cellular skeleton known as a microtubule. To form an attachment site for the microtubule, hundreds of proteins come together on the chromosome to assemble the kinetochore complex. With the first-ever three-dimensional image of an isolated kinetochore, scientists can now see how the machine establishes and maintains its grip, even as the microtubule tip it holds on to shrinks away. |
| Statement 1-continued 2 | Part III, Program Service, line 4a - Medical Research | (D) Honors and Awards Received by HHMI Scientists (1) Horwich Wins Lasker Award and Shaw Prize HHMI investigator Arthur L. Horwich at Yale University and Franz-Ulrich Hartl of the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry shared the 2011 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award. The Lasker Awards - considered among the most respected science prizes in the world - honor visionaries whose insight and perseverance have led to dramatic advances that will prevent disease and prolong life. Horwich and Hartl were honored for discovering that proteins cannot fold inside cells by themselves. They determined that a protein - dubbed "chaperonin" because of its assisting role - acts as a cage-like folding "machine" that provides a safe place for proteins to fold, away from outside interference. The Shaw Prize Foundation also awarded Arthur L. Horwich, and Dr. Hartl the $1 million Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine in recognition of their contributions to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of protein folding. (2) 2012 Gairdner Awards Go to Jessell, Rosbash The Gairdner Foundation selected HHMI researchers Thomas M. Jessell and Michael Rosbash as recipients of the prestigious 2012 Canada Gairdner International Awards in recognition of their contributions to medical science. The awards, which are presented annually, recognize scientists responsible for some of the world's most significant medical discoveries. Jessell, an HHMI investigator at Columbia University, was honored for discovering basic principles of communication within the nervous system. The Foundation states that Jessell's work has been instrumental in revealing important steps in the process that guides the early development of neurons, as they establish the precise connections between the spinal cord and muscles. Rosbash, an HHMI investigator at Brandeis University, was highlighted for discoveries that have revealed the genetic underpinnings of the circadian clock. Circadian clocks are active throughout the body's cells, where they use a common genetic mechanism to control the rhythmic activities of various tissues. Rosbash, Jeffrey C. Hall, emeritus professor of biology at Brandeis University, and Michael W. Young of the Laboratory of Genetics at The Rockefeller University, were honored by the Gairdner Foundation for pioneering discoveries concerning the biological clock responsible for circadian rhythms. (3) Carroll Wins Franklin Institute Award Sean B. Carroll, HHMI's vice president for science education and a long-time HHMI investigator, has been awarded the 2012 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science from the Franklin Institute. The Franklin Institute Awards are among the oldest and most prestigious science awards in the world, and recipients are recognized for their formidable and ground-breaking contributions to science. The international awards have been bestowed upon such luminaries as Albert Einstein, Thomas Edison, Marie and Pierre Curie, Orville Wright, Jane Goodall, and more recently Bill Gates. (4) Druker Receives Japan Prize The Japan Prize Foundation announced that HHMI investigator Brian Druker was one of four scientists to receive the 2012 Japan Prize, one of the world's most prestigious awards in science and technology. Druker, who is at Oregon Health and Science University, was honored with Janet Rowley of the University of Chicago and Nicholas Lydon of Blueprint Medicines for their contribution to the "development of a new therapeutic drug targeting cancer-specific molecules," according to the prize citation. (5) Trio Share 2012 Kavli Prize in Neuroscience The Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters awarded the 2012 Kavli Prize in Neuroscience to Cornelia Bargmann, an HHMI investigator at Rockefeller University, Winfried Denk, a senior fellow at the Janelia Farm Research Campus who is also at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, and Ann M. Graybiel of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The three scientists, who are recognized for elucidating basic neuronal mechanisms underlying perception and decision, will share an award of one million dollars. The Kavli Prizes, which have been awarded biennially since 2008, recognize scientists for seminal advances in astrophysics, nanoscience, and neuroscience. They are awarded through a partnership between the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the Kavli Foundation and the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research. (6) HHMI Scientists Join National Academy of Sciences Twelve HHMI investigators, an HHMI-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation investigator, and an HHMI Early Career Scientist have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences. The scientists are Nancy M. Bonini, University of Pennsylvania; Karl Deisseroth, Stanford University; Xinnian Dong, Duke University; Gideon Dreyfuss, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Evan E. Eichler, University of Washington School of Medicine; K. Christopher Garcia, Stanford University School of Medicine; Rachel Green, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Gregory J. Hannon, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Liqun Luo, Stanford University; Roy Parker, University of Arizona; Nikola P. Pavletich, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Louis J. Pt?ek, University of California, San Francisco; Alexander Y. Rudensky, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; and Xiaowei Zhuang, Harvard University. (7) Quake Awarded Lemelson-MIT Prize HHMI investigator Stephen Quake, who is at Stanford University, has been named recipient of the 2012 $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize, which honors outstanding mid-career inventors dedicated to improving the world through technological invention. Quake is being recognized for his work in drug discovery, genome analysis and personalized medicine. (8) Seven HHMI Researchers Elected to Institute of Medicine Elected this year to the National Academy of Sciences' Institute of Medicine were HHMI investigators Frederick W. Alt, Children's Hospital Boston; Carolyn R. Bertozzi, University of California, Berkeley; Vivian G. Cheung, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; George Q. Daley, Children's Hospital Boston; Richard L. Huganir, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Jeremy Nathans, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; and Li-Huei Tsai Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (9) Bassler and Dixon Elected to Royal Society HHMI investigator Bonnie Bassler of Princeton University and Jack E. Dixon, HHMI's vice president and chief scientific officer, were elected foreign members of the Fellowship of the Royal Society, the world's oldest scientific academy. Bassler has made seminal studies of the process of cell-cell signaling in bacteria that have revolutionized the study of microbiology. Dixon's research has focused on a group of proteins called protein tyrosine phosphatases that govern a key biochemical reaction in which a phosphate group is added to another protein. The reaction, called phosphorylation, serves as a signaling mechanism between living cells. |
| Statement 2 | Part III, Program Service, line 4b - Science Education Programs | Science Education Programs (A) Graduate Science Education and Medical Research Training (B) Precollege and Undergraduate Science Education Program (C) Educational Resources (D) Tangled Bank Studios (E) eLife - Open Access Journal HHMI's Department of Science Education emphasizes initiatives with the power to transform graduate, undergraduate, and precollege education in the life sciences. HHMI is the largest private funder of science education in the United States. During the fiscal year ended August 31, 2012, the Institute distributed $62 million in grants to support science education. The Institute's science education programs support ties between scientific research and teaching with the goal of increasing and enhancing student research opportunities; improving science courses, curricula, and instruction; and providing enhanced graduate and medical training opportunities. Most HHMI grants are awarded through competitions with specific objectives and eligibility criteria and awards are generally made following a stringent process of peer review. HHMI does not encourage and rarely funds unsolicited grant proposals. HHMI's educational activities are funded through three major programs; the goals of each program and the major activities for the year are summarized below. (A) Graduate Science Education and Medical Research Training This program focuses on the development of innovative graduate education programs through grants to institutions. It also supports research fellowships for medical students, doctoral fellowships for students who are disadvantaged or from groups underrepresented in the sciences, and awards research grants to physician-scientists at the outset of their careers as independent scientists. 70 medical, dental, and veterinary students were selected to participate in the Medical Research Fellows Program. The fellowships enable students to take a year off from professional school to conduct laboratory research. The hope is that these students will one day choose to work at the crossroads of basic and clinical research. To expand the program, HHMI has entered into partnerships with several foundations that fund students who have specific research interests. The Foundation Fighting Blindness will support two medical research fellows conducting research in the area of retinal degenerative diseases. One student each will be supported by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund (veterinary research), the GM Trust (Duchenne muscular dystrophy research), and the Society of Interventional Radiology Foundation (preclinical interventional radiology research). Nine promising students were selected as recipients of HHMI's Gilliam Fellowships for Advanced Study. The fellowships provide full support for up to five years of study toward a Ph.D. in the sciences to students who are disadvantaged or who come from groups underrepresented in the sciences. The Gilliam Fellows Program, which is now in its sixth year, aims to enrich science research and increase the diversity of college and university faculty members by supporting the education of top student scientists who will themselves either become professors or are committed to creating a more diverse academic community. Fellowship recipients previously participated in HHMI's Exceptional Research Opportunities Program (EXROP), which provides summer research experiences in HHMI laboratories. HHMI also selected 50 exceptionally promising graduate students from 19 countries to receive International Student Research Fellowships. This support will enable these individuals to devote their full attention to research during their third, fourth, and fifth year of graduate school. Total HHMI funding for this year's fellowships is more than $2 million. HHMI began this program because it recognized that international students in U.S. graduate schools often have difficulty getting funding to support their studies. The fellowships are designed to fund the students' graduate education at a pivotal point in their scientific careers when they delve into intense laboratory research for their doctoral dissertations. (B) Precollege and Undergraduate Science Education Program Through this program, HHMI seeks to recruit and develop the future leaders of science, science education, and enhance science literacy among all students. Precollege grants support teacher training and inquiry-based student learning. Grants to colleges and universities support undergraduate student research, faculty and curriculum development, and science education outreach activities. Through the HHMI professors program, HHMI provides support to distinguished scientists with a commitment to teaching. In the 2012 fiscal year: HHMI selected 47 small colleges and universities in the United States as the recipients of grants totaling more than $50 million that will enable the schools to work together to create more engaging science classes, bring real-world research experiences to students, and increase the diversity of students who study science. Each four-year grant is in the range of $800,000 to $1.5 million - an amount that can have a big impact at these schools, which are collectively described as "primarily undergraduate institutions," or PUIs. A total of 60 college students were selected to participate in HHMI's Exceptional Research Opportunities Program (EXROP). The EXROP program provides summer research experiences in the labs of HHMI investigators, professors, and at the Janelia Farm Research Campus. Now in its tenth year, the EXROP program is designed to encourage the students to pursue careers in science. (C) Educational Resources This program produces science education materials that feature some of the cutting-edge research conducted by HHMI investigators and other scientists. The materials are designed primarily for the nation's high school biology students and their teachers, but they also find an audience among the general public and undergraduate-level students and educators. The 2011 Holiday Lectures on Science in December 2011 featured three of the nation's top scientists who discussed, "Bones, Stones, and Genes: The Origin of Modern Humans." Tim White, a paleoanthropologist at the University of California, Berkeley, John Shea, an archeologist and anthropologist at Stony Brook University, and Sarah Tishkoff, a geneticist at the University of Pennsylvania, delivered their lectures live to an audience of nearly 200 high school students from the Washington, DC area. Those lectures are later made available to a national and international audience through the distribution of free DVDs and the development of accompanying teaching materials. Each year, more than 100,000 copies of the DVDs are distributed; the supporting website receives more than two million visits each year. At the National Association of Biology Teachers annual meeting, HHMI unveiled three short science films that use vivid storytelling to teach the vital concepts of adaptation and natural selection. The films were created for use in classrooms and cover a wide range of current topics in evolutionary biology. The films, produced by HHMI's Biointeractive team and the Institute's new film production unit, each run for about 10 minutes, a length optimized for use in the classroom. The first three films in the "Making of the Fittest" series were provided to teachers at the premiere and have been made available to the wider education community for download or DVD order. The Holiday Lectures and short science films are all available on the Biointeractive website, www.hhmi.org/biointeractive. |
| Statement 2-continued | Part III, Program Service, line 4b - Science Education Programs | (D) Tangled Bank Studios Launched in July 2011, Tangled Bank Studios, LLC, HHMI's documentary film production unit, aims to bring high-quality, educational science features to television. The film production unit is working with producers and broadcasters to produce and distribute informative films, about such topics as evolution, biology and earth science. A series of short-form films and materials for science educators will be produced in tandem. The film production unit is an initiative of the HHMI science education department, whose mission is to enhance education about all fields of science. Michael Rosenfeld, head of television and film at HHMI, is leading the initiative, working with writer and producer David Elisco as director of development. Rosenfeld, Elisco and colleagues currently have several projects in production and development for broadcast on PBS. (E) eLife - Open Access Journal HHMI, the Max Planck Society, and the Wellcome Trust have supported the establishment of a new, top tier scientific journal called eLife. The online journal is following an open access model and is directed by practicing scientists. eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd. is an independent non-profit entity governed by a separate board of directors. In 2012, eLife announced its senior editorial team: Editor-in-chief Randy Schekman and managing executive editor Mark Patterson will be joined by deputy editors, Fiona Watt, currently at the University of Cambridge, UK, and Detlef Weigel from the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tubingen, Germany. They will be supported by around 15-20 senior editors - researchers who represent a broad range of biomedical and life science research fields. Also in 2012, the editorial board of eLife announced the names of the more than 150 reviewing editors who will help deliver on the initiative's commitment to change peer review. Additional information about eLife can be found at www.elifesciences.org. |
| Statement 3 | PART III, Program Service, Line 4c - Support for International Science | Support for International Science (A)International Early Career Scientist Program (B)International Student Research Fellowships Program (C)The KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH) (A) International Early Career Scientist Program In 2012, HHMI began the International Early Career Scientist Program, which awards each selected scientist $650,000 over a period of five years with the goal of helping these talented individuals establish independent research programs. In this pilot program, HHMI identified scientists who are, or have the potential to become, scientific leaders. The 28 HHMI International Early Career scientists are at 22 institutions in 12 countries. Each scientist who was selected has directed his or her own laboratory for less than seven years. The countries represented by the HHMI International Early Career scientists are Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Hungary, India, Italy, Poland, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, and South Korea. (B) International Student Research Fellowships Program In 2012, HHMI awarded more than $2 million in fellowships to 50 promising graduate students from 19 countries. The fellowships are designed to fund the students' graduate education at a pivotal point in their scientific careers - a time when they delve into intense laboratory research for their doctoral dissertations. (C) The KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH) HHMI, in partnership with the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) in South Africa, has established an international research center focused on making major scientific contributions to the worldwide effort to control the devastating co-epidemic of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV. The KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH) is placing a major emphasis on establishing a world-class research program focused on the scientific discoveries about the infecting organisms and helping to train a new generation of scientists in Africa. HHMI has committed over $70 million to K-RITH over 10 years, including support provided during its fiscal year ended August 31, 2012. UKZN is making substantial financial and in-kind commitments to K-RITH as well. The need for more research on TB and HIV is substantial. South Africa has more residents infected with HIV than any other nation in the world. The nation, which accounts for <1% of the world's population, accounts for 17 percent of the global HIV disease burden- an estimated 5.4 million people are infected. In addition, it has one of the highest per capita rates of TB in the world. Tuberculosis, a major problem in the pre-AIDS South Africa, emerged as a public health crisis in its own right, particularly with the emergence of both multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains of TB, especially in persons already infected with HIV. K-RITH, which was registered in 2011 as an independent non-profit association incorporated under South African law, formally opened its new research building in 2012 on the campus of the Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine in Durban. The new facility includes high-level biosafety (BSL-3) laboratories equipped for HIV and TB research. K-RITH has been actively recruiting early career and established research scientists, in addition to awarding grants to support collaborative research and educational activities between South African scientists and their international colleagues. K-RITH aims to be fully established and integrated into the overall South African and global research enterprise by 2018. |
| Goverance Document Changes | Core Form, Part VI, Section A, Line 4 | The Institute's Certificate of Incorporation was Amended & Restated on February 21, 2012 to update provisions in accordance with changes in Delaware law and to restate prior amendments into a single, restated Certificate of Incorporation. The Institute's Bylaws were amended by its Trustees on February 7, 2012 to update certain provisions in accordance with the changes in Delaware law and to clarify procedures relating to indemnification rights provided for in the Bylaws. |
| Tax Exempt Bond Liabilities Supplemental Information | Schedule K, Part VI | PART I The bond issued February 27, 2003 and described in A also includes CUSIPS 545910AM3, 545910AG6, 545910AH4,545910AJ0, and 545910AK7. PART II, Line 3 The bonds issued in A, B and C included interest income that made up the difference between the amount of the bond issue and the total proceeds. PART IV $375 million of the $500 million of swaps pertaining to this bond were integrated. The other swaps were Bank of America (30 years), Goldman (30 years), JP Morgan (35 years) and JP Morgan Chase (30 years). PART IV, Line 3 Yes, In part. |
| HOURS DEVOTED FOR RELATED ORGANIZATION | FORM 990 PART VII | NAME:James A Baker, III, Esq TITLE:Trustee HOURS: |
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