Attach to Form 990 or Form 990-EZ.
See separate instructions.| (i) Name of supported organization | (ii) EIN | (iii) Type of organization (described on lines 1- 9 above or IRC section (see instructions)) | (iv) Is the organization in col. (i) listed in your governing document? | (v) Did you notify the organization in col. (i) of your support? | (vi) Is the organization in col. (i) organized in the U.S.? | (vii) Amount of monetary support | |||
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| Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||||
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Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2008 | (b) 2009 | (c) 2010 | (d) 2011 | (e) 2012 | (f) Total | |
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| 1 | Gifts, grants, contributions, and membership fees received. (Do not include any "unusual grants.") .... | ||||||
| 2 | Tax revenues levied for the organization's benefit and either paid to or expended on its behalf....... | ||||||
| 3 | The value of services or facilities furnished by a governmental unit to the organization without charge.. | ||||||
| 4 | Total. Add lines 1 through 3 | ||||||
| 5 | The portion of total contributions by each person (other than a governmental unit or publicly supported organization) included on line 1 that exceeds 2% of the amount shown on line 11, column (f).. | ||||||
| 6 | Public support. Subtract line 5 from line 4. | ||||||
Calendar year
(or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2008 | (b) 2009 | (c) 2010 | (d) 2011 | (e) 2012 | (f) Total | |
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| 7 | Amounts from line 4.. | ||||||
| 8 | Gross income from interest, dividends, payments received on securities loans, rents, royalties and income from similar sources... | ||||||
| 9 | Net income from unrelated business activities, whether or not the business is regularly carried on.. | ||||||
| 10 | Other income. Do not include gain or loss from the sale of capital assets (Explain in Part IV.).. | ||||||
| 11 | Total support (Add lines 7 through 10). | ||||||






Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2008 | (b) 2009 | (c) 2010 | (d) 2011 | (e) 2012 | (f) Total | |
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| 1 | Gifts, grants, contributions, and membership fees received. (Do not include any "unusual grants.") . | ||||||
| 2 | Gross receipts from admissions, merchandise sold or services performed, or facilities furnished in any activity that is related to the organization's tax-exempt purpose...... | ||||||
| 3 | Gross receipts from activities that are not an unrelated trade or business under section 513.. | ||||||
| 4 | Tax revenues levied for the organization's benefit and either paid to or expended on its behalf... | ||||||
| 5 | The value of services or facilities furnished by a governmental unit to the organization without charge.. | ||||||
| 6 | Total. Add lines 1 through 5. | ||||||
| 7a | Amounts included on lines 1, 2, and 3 received from disqualified persons... | ||||||
| b | Amounts included on lines 2 and 3 received from other than disqualified persons that exceed the greater of $5,000 or 1% of the amount on line 13 for the year. | ||||||
| c | Add lines 7a and 7b.. | ||||||
| 8 | Public support (Subtract line 7c from line 6.) | ||||||
Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2008 | (b) 2009 | (c) 2010 | (d) 2011 | (e) 2012 | (f) Total | |
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| 9 | Amounts from line 6... | ||||||
| 10a | Gross income from interest, dividends, payments received on securities loans, rents, royalties and income from similar sources.. | ||||||
| b | Unrelated business taxable income (less section 511 taxes) from businesses acquired after June 30, 1975. | ||||||
| c | Add lines 10a and 10b. | ||||||
| 11 | Net income from unrelated business activities not included in line 10b, whether or not the business is regularly carried on. | ||||||
| 12 | Other income. Do not include gain or loss from the sale of capital assets (Explain in Part IV.) .. | ||||||
| 13 | Total support. (Add lines 9, 10c, 11, and 12.).. | ||||||




| Facts And Circumstances Test |
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| Explanation |
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| The Institute is a medical research organization for its taxable year ended August 31, 2013, as its expenditures of $800,418,284 on a cash basis for the year ended August 31, 2012 exceeded the MRO requirement of $591,944,966 (3.5% of the HHMI endowment). |
| List of hospital affiliations for e-filing: Hospital,City,State,Zip Code/ B&W Hospital,Boston,MA,02115/ Children's Hosp,Boston,MA,02115/ Children's Hosp,Cincinnati,OH,45229/ Dana-Farber,Boston,MA,02115/ Fred Hutch,Seattle,WA,98109/ JHopkins Hosp,Baltimore,MD,21205/ Mass Gen Hosp,Boston,MA,02129/ MSKCC,New York,NY,10021/ Nat'l Jewish,Denver,CO,80206/ St. Jude,Memphis,TN,38105/ Duke-Duke Hosp,Durham,NC,27706/ Emory-Univ Hosp,Atlanta,GA,30322/ NYU-NYU Hosps,New York,NY,10016/ OHSU-OHSU Hosp,Portland,OR,97239/ Rockefeller-Hosp,New York,NY,10021/ Stanford-Hosp,Palo Alto,CA,94305/ UCLA-Med Ctr,Los Angeles,CA,90095/ UCSD-Med Ctr,San Diego,CA,92093/ UCSF-UCSF Hosps,San Francisco,CA,94143/ UIowa-UIowa Hosps,Iowa City,IA,52242/ UMass-Med Ctr,Worcester,MA,01605/ UMich-UMich Hosp,Ann Arbor,MI,48109/ UPenn-UPenn Hosp,Philadelphia,PA,19104/ UT-Austin-UT Hosp,Austin,TX,78712/ UTSW-UTSW Hosps,Dallas,TX,75390/ UUtah-UUtah Hosps,Salt Lake City,UT,84112/ UWash-Med Ctr,Seattle,WA,98195/ ADARC-aff hosp,New York,NY,10016/ AECOM-affil hosps,New York,NY,10461/ Baylor-aff hosps,Houston,TX,77030/ BU-aff hosp,Boston,MA,02126/ Brandeis-aff hsps,Waltham,MA,02254/ CalTech-aff hosps,Pasadena,CA,91125/ Carnegie-aff hsps,Baltimore,MD,21210/ Case WR-aff hosps,Cleveland,OH,44106/ CSHL-affil hosps,Cold Spring Harbor,NY,11724/ CSU-affil hosp,Fort Collins,CO,80521/ Columbia-aff hsps,New York,NY,10027/ Cornell-aff hosps,New York,NY,14853/ Harvard-aff hosps,Cambridge,MA,02138/ Indiana-affil hosp,Bloomington,IN,47405/ TJL-affil hosps,Bar Harbor,ME,04609/ JHU-affil hosps,Baltimore,MD,21218/ MichSU-affil hosps, Lansing,MI,48824/ MIT-affil hosps,Boston,MA,02139/ NWU-affil hosps,Evanston,IL,60208/ OMRF-aff hosp,Oklahoma City,OK,73104/ Princeton-aff hosps,Princeton,NJ,08544/ Purdue-aff hosp,W.Lafayette,IN,47907/ Rutgers-affil hosp,Piscataway,NJ,08854/ Salk-affil hosps,La Jolla,CA,92093/ Stowers-aff hosps,Kansas City,MO,64110/ SUNY-affil hosps,Stony Brook,NY,11794/ Texas A&M-aff hsp,College Station,TX,77843/ Tufts-aff hosps,Boston,MA,02111/ UCB-affil hosps,Berkeley,CA,94720/ UC-Davis-affil hsps,Davis,CA,95616/ UCR-affil hosps,Riverside,CA,92521/ UCSC-aff hosps,Santa Cruz,CA,95064/ UChi-affil hosp,Chicago,IL,60637/ UColo-aff hosp,Boulder,CO,80309/ UColo-aff hosp,Denver,CO,80217/ UFla-aff hosps,Gainesville,FL,32611/ UIllinois-aff hsp,Urbana,IL,61801/ UMD-affil hosp,Baltimore,MD,21201/ UNC-affil hosps,Chapel Hill,NC,27599/ UOregon-aff hsp,Eugene,OR,97403/ UWisc-affil hosps,Madison,WI,53706/ WashU-aff hosp,St.Louis,MO,63130/ YaleU-affil hosp,New Haven,CT,06520/ |
| Software ID: | |
| Software Version: |
Attach to Form 990 or 990-EZ.| Identifier | Return Reference | Explanation |
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| Authority over Financial Account in a Foreign Country | Core Form, Part V, Line 4b | HHMI has signature authority over investment accounts in the following foreign countries through their custodian, Bank of New York Mellon: ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BELGIUM BERMUDA BRAZIL CANADA CHILE CHINA COLOMBIA CZECH REPUBLIC DENMARK EGYPT ESTONIA FINLAND FRANCE GERMANY GREECE HONG KONG HUNGARY INDIA INDONESIA IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY JAPAN JORDAN KENYA MALAYSIA MAURITIUS MEXICO MOROCCO NETHERLANDS NEW ZEALAND NIGERIA NORWAY PERU PHILIPPINES POLAND PORTUGAL ROMANIA RUSSIA SINGAPORE SLOVENIA SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH KOREA SPAIN SRI LANKA SWEDEN SWITZERLAND TAIWAN THAILAND TURKEY UKRAINE UNITED KINGDOM URUGUAY VENEZUELA ZIMBABWE. HHMI also has direct signature authority in Mauritius. |
| Description of 990 Review Process | Core Form, Part VI, Section B, Line 11A | The Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Form 990 is initially prepared by its Tax Compliance Department, in coordination with other HHMI departments as needed. The draft return is reviewed by senior management of HHMI and by attorneys in HHMI's Office of the General Counsel. Following these reviews and the resolution of any questions that have been raised, the draft return is reviewed by HHMI's outside tax preparer. Finally, a copy of the return is provided to the members of HHMI's Board of Trustees so that they have an opportunity to review and comment on the return before it is filed. |
| Conflict of Interest Policy | Core Form, Part VI, Section B, Line 12a-12c | In addition to HHMI's code of conduct, which addresses conflicts of interest and applies to all HHMI employees, officers, Trustees, and advisors, HHMI has specific conflict of interest policies for different categories of personnel. Under the HHMI policies that apply to Trustees, officers, and key employees, these individuals must disclose annually interests that could give rise to conflicts of interest, and must certify annually their compliance with the conflict of interest policy that applies to them. Annual disclosures and certifications are reviewed by HHMI's Office of the General Counsel, and by other HHMI managers as needed. The conflict of interest policy covering HHMI's Trustees also requires each Trustee to disclose to the other Trustees any actual or apparent conflict of interest with respect to a proposed HHMI transaction. If the other Trustees decide that there is only the appearance of a conflict of interest, and that it could not reasonably be considered to affect the independent, unbiased judgment of the disclosing Trustee with respect to the transaction at issue, no further action is required to address the apparent conflict. In all other cases, including all actual conflicts of interest, the disclosing Trustee is not permitted to participate in the deliberation or decision regarding the transaction under consideration, and must leave the room during the deliberation and vote. The conflict of interest policy covering HHMI's officers and key employees requires each covered individual to obtain supervisory approval up to the level of HHMI's President before entering into an affiliation with or acquiring an interest of 1% or more in any entity that is or may become a recipient of HHMI funds. HHMI's President, in consultation with HHMI's General Counsel, may permit the affiliation or interest if it would not interfere with the covered individual's performance of his or her HHMI responsibilities, would not create the appearance of a conflict of interest, and would be consistent with sound business judgment. HHMI's President may set conditions on approval, for example that there be no remuneration to the covered individual. Proposed affiliations and interests of 1% or more of HHMI's President are subject to the approval of the Chairman of the Trustees. |
| Process for determining compensation | Core Form, Part VI, Section B, Lines 15a-b | The compensation for HHMI's President, other officers, and key employees is set using the following procedures. Every other year, the Audit and Compensation Committee of HHMI's Board of Trustees engages one or more independent compensation consultants to conduct a study of comparable market data. The study includes data for HHMI's President, other officers, and key employees. The independent compensation consultants also provide an opinion regarding the reasonableness of the compensation arrangements for the positions included in the study. The study includes comparable market data for all components of compensation for each person covered by the study, including base salary, incentive compensation (if any), and benefits. The Committee relies on the market data and opinion provided by the compensation consultant in making recommendations to the Board of Trustees regarding compensation for HHMI's President, other officers and key employees. The decision is made by independent Trustees. Any Trustee who has a conflict of interest with respect to a specific officer or key employee must recuse himself or herself from the decision on that person's compensation, and leave the meeting room during the debate and voting on it. In the alternate years when a study is not done, the Audit and Compensation Committee confirms with the independent compensation consultants that the range of any proposed merit increases for HHMI employees, including senior management, is reasonable compared with generally prevailing compensation increases in the market over the past year. The Committee relies on this advice in recommending compensation for HHMI's President, other officers and key employees, and the Board of Trustees relies on this advice in making compensation decisions. Recusal procedures are the same in as in the years when a study is done. In each year, minutes of the discussions and decisions regarding compensation are prepared after each meeting and are submitted for approval at the next meeting. Approved minutes are kept in HHMI's records. All minutes include the date of the meeting, identify those Trustees who attended and voted on the compensation arrangements, and note any recusals of Trustees with a conflict of interest. The comparability studies and opinions relied on at the meeting are referenced in the minutes, and copies of these materials are also kept in HHMI's records. HHMI's Board of Trustees followed this process in August 2013 in determining compensation for the following positions: President; Vice Presidents; and Managing Directors - Investments. |
| Governing documents etc available to the public | Core Form, Part VI, Section C, Line 19 | HHMI's practice has been to make a copy of its charter and by-laws available on request. HHMI's code of conduct, which addresses conflicts of interest, is available to the public on the HHMI web site. A downloadable copy of HHMI's most recent audited financial statements is also available to the public on the web site. In addition, HHMI publishes "Year in Review" that provides a summary of each year's activity, expenditures, and financial performance; this publication is distributed in print and is posted on the HHMI web site. |
| Statement 1 | Part III, Program Service, line 4a - Medical Research | 4A: Medical Research (A) The HHMI Investigator Program (B) Janelia Farm Research Campus (C) Highlights from HHMI Research Laboratories (Fiscal Year 2013) (D) Honors and Awards Received by HHMI Scientists (A) The HHMI Investigator Program The Howard Hughes Medical Institute's approach to biomedical research can be summarized in three words: people, not projects. By appointing scientists as HHMI investigators - rather than awarding research grants - the Institute provides long-term, flexible funding that enables its researchers to pursue their scientific interests wherever they lead. HHMI believes that scientists of exceptional talent and imagination will make fundamental discoveries of lasting scientific value and benefit to humanity if they are given the resources, time, and freedom to pursue challenging questions. The Institute nurtures the creativity and intellectual daring of scientists who are willing to set aside conventional wisdom or the "easy" question for a fundamental problem that may take many years to solve. Among the characteristics that distinguish this group of scientists are qualities such as creativity, a penchant for risk-taking, and a commitment to discovery, productivity, and perseverance. This unique research model is an imaginative and powerful alternative to funding biomedical research through grants. The HHMI Investigator Program employs more than 313 HHMI researchers, among them 15 Nobel laureates and 172 members of the National Academy of Sciences. In the last decade, HHMI investigators have won 9 Nobel Prizes. These exceptional scientists direct Institute research laboratories on the campuses of 70 universities and other research organizations throughout the United States. Since the early 1990s, investigators have been selected through rigorous national competitions. The Institute solicits applications directly from scientists at medical schools and other research institutions in the United States, with the aim of identifying those who have the potential to make significant contributions to science. HHMI employs an open application process to ensure that it is selecting its researchers from a broad and deep pool of scientific talent. In 2013, HHMI announced the selection of 27 new HHMI investigators through a national open competition. The competition was open to eligible applicants in 2012 and HHMI selected and announced the finalists in 2013. The initiative represents an additional, total investment of approximately $150 million in basic biomedical research by the Institute over the next five years. The scientists selected as HHMI investigators represent 19 institutions from across the United States, including one-the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California-that is adding an HHMI investigator for the first time. The new group of HHMI investigators-which includes 10 current HHMI Early Career Scientists-was selected for their individual scientific excellence from a group of 1,155 applicants. Once selected, HHMI investigators continue to be based at their home institutions, typically leading a research group of 10-25 students, postdoctoral associates and technicians, but they become Institute employees and are supported by HHMI field staff throughout the country. With freedom and flexibility come high expectations for intellectual output. HHMI demands creativity and innovation. Investigators are expected to work at the frontiers of their chosen field, to ask fundamental questions, and to take risks. HHMI prizes impact over publication volume in its merit-based renewal of investigator appointments and recognizes that some areas of research will proceed more slowly than others. The renewal of an investigator's five-year appointment is dependent on a rigorous peer-review process that centers on an evaluation of the originality and creativity of the investigator's work relative to others in the field, as well as the investigator's plan for future research. Those investigators whose appointments are not renewed remain HHMI employees for multi-year phase-out periods to facilitate their ability to obtain other funding for their research. In this fiscal year, HHMI also supported six teams of scientists with wide-ranging expertise who are coming together to solve challenging problems with the aid of new Howard Hughes Medical Institute Collaborative Innovation Awards (HCIA). HHMI will invest $40 million over the next four years to enable the teams to carry out potentially transformative research. Together, the teams-each headed by an HHMI investigator-include 28 researchers from 20 institutions in the United States, Germany, and Israel. Each collaborator will receive funds from HHMI to cover their research budget for the HCIA project, and the flexibility to pursue their best ideas. Highlights of research conducted, and awards received, by HHMI scientists during its year ended August 31, 2013 are included below. B) Janelia Farm Research Campus The Janelia Farm Research Campus offers a collaborative research environment for scientists across an array of disciplines who have focused on two broad scientific areas of scientific inquiry: the identification of general principles governing how neuronal circuits process information and development of imaging technologies and computational methods that support image analysis. In the current fiscal year, there were 53 laboratory heads at Janelia, in addition to supporting graduate students and other scientific trainees, visiting scientists, and a vibrant scientific conference program. During this fiscal year, Janelia recruited two new lab heads: Barry Dickson and Nikolaus Grigorieff. Dickson, who was most recently at the Institute for Molecular Pathology in Vienna, Austria, and Grigorieff, who was an HHMI investigator at Brandeis University, bring additional expertise in neuroscience and imaging to the Virginia campus. Dickson, a neuroscientist, wants to understand how circuits in the brain guide innate behavior. His studies of fruit fly mating behavior are helping to uncover how the brain processes information and makes decisions. Grigorieff develops and uses advanced microscopy techniques to visualize the three-dimensional structure of large macromolecular complexes, with the goal of learning how their components function and interact with one another. (C) Highlights from HHMI Research Laboratories (Fiscal Year 2013) (1) The Circuitry of Uncertainty Alla Y. Karpova, Janelia Farm Research Campus http://www.hhmi.org/news/circuitry-uncertainty Neuroscientists have long been interested in adaptability, particularly in the moment when an individual discards an old belief and begins to formulate a new one. Alla Karpova, a lab head at HHMI's Janelia Farm Research Campus, is studying what goes on in the brain when this happens. In rats, Karpova and her colleagues found that the rejection of an old belief correlates with abrupt changes in activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, a brain region involved in cognitive functions such as reward anticipation and decision-making. (2) Genome-Wide Methylation Map of Disease-Causing E. coli Reveals Surprises Matthew K. Waldor, Brigham and Women's Hospital http://www.hhmi.org/news/genome-wide-methylation-map-disease-causing-e-col i-reveals-surprises A new DNA sequencing technique has enabled HHMI researchers to map for the first time the influential chemical modifications known as methylation marks throughout the genome of a pathogenic bacterium. By comparing these patterns between related strains of the bacteria, they identified a way that viruses that infect bacteria (known as bacteriophages) can dramatically alter their host. (3) New Software Speeds Analysis of Animal Behavior Kristin M. Branson, Janelia Farm Research Campus http://www.hhmi.org/news/new-software-speeds-analysis-animal-behavior Using new software developed at HHMI's Janelia Farm Research Campus, a computer can be trained to recognize characteristic animal behaviors like an experienced biologist. Rather than scrutinizing hours of video to catalog how often fruit flies chase one another, for example, scientists can quickly teach the software what to look for, and let it convert the video into useful statistics. |
| Statement 1-continued | Part III, Program Service, line 4a - Medical Research | (C) Highlights from HHMI Research Laboratories (Fiscal Year 2013) continued (4) Scientists Discover Cellular Mechanism that Triggers Immune Responses to DNA Zhijian Chen, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center http://www.hhmi.org/news/scientists-discover-cellular-mechanism-triggers-i mmune-responses-dna Free-floating pieces of DNA in a cell's watery interior can mean bad things: invading viruses, bacteria, or parasites, ruptured cellular membranes, or disease. Genetic material is meant to be contained in a cell's nucleus or key organelles, and when it's loose, it's a sign for the immune system that something is wrong. HHMI scientists have discovered the molecular pathway responsible for detecting loose bits of DNA outside a cell's nucleus in the cytosol and setting off the resulting immune reaction. The findings could lead to treatments for autoimmune diseases such as lupus, in which ongoing immune reactions are often set off by loose pieces of DNA. (5) Learning How Cells Tune In to Important Information Erin K. O'Shea, Harvard University http://www.hhmi.org/news/learning-how-cells-tune-important-information Every minute of its existence, a living cell must assess and analyze myriad bits of information-everything from the temperature of its environment to the chemical makeup of its surroundings. Sometimes, these inputs cause a cell to change how it functions, but other times, the information may not lead to a measurable change in the cell's activity. HHMI researchers have discovered how a single molecule in a cell can tune its response to different strengths of an input, an important advance in understanding how a whole cell varies its behavior in different situations. (6) Axons Contain a Periodic and Ringed Cytoskeleton Xiaowei Zhuang, Harvard University http://www.hhmi.org/news/scientists-discover-periodic-and-ringed-cytoskele ton-within-axons The plasma membranes that give cells their shapes are typically upheld by linear meshworks of the protein actin. In contrast, HHMI scientists have discovered that periodic ring-shaped actin arrangements encircle the long axonal fibers of nerve cells. The actin structures loop around axons at perfect intervals, which are connected by an associated cytoskeletal protein, spectrin. The researchers suggest that these periodically distributed actin rings, connected by flexible spectrin tetramers, lend a flexible yet robust support for the skinny nerve fibers. (7) A New View of Transcription Initiation Eva Nogales, University of California, Berkeley http://www.hhmi.org/news/new-view-transcription-initiation The human genome is contained within a vast jumble of DNA. Its 20,000 or so genes are concealed within strings of As, Ts, Gs, and Cs, and each gene must be turned on at the right time and in the right cells. For the first time, HHMI scientists have glimpsed the cellular machinery that accomplishes that feat, as it assembles directly on the DNA and readies it for transcription into RNA, the first step in protein production. (8) Wnt Signal Regulates the Geometry of Dividing Stem Cells Roel Nusse, Stanford University http://www.hhmi.org/news/wnt-signal-regulates-geometry-dividing-stem-cells For organisms to develop and grow, asymmetry is essential. New research from HHMI scientists reveals how a localized source of a signaling molecule directs a dividing stem cell to produce two different cells-one identical to its parent, the other a more specialized cell type-and aligns those cells. In a developing tissue, such oriented divisions will position cells to migrate to the right place to ensure the right architecture. (9) Seeing the Brain's Circuits with a New CLARITY Karl Deisseroth, Stanford University http://www.hhmi.org/news/seeing-brains-circuits-new-clarity For scientists working to uncover the mysteries of the brain, fat is a problem. The fats inside cells bend and scatter light, obscuring researchers' views when they try to peer deep into tissue. A new technique developed by HHMI scientists solves that problem by removing the fat from the brain and supporting the remaining brain structures in a hydrogel-literally giving scientists a clear view of an intact brain. The technique, called CLARITY, transforms biological tissue into an optically transparent sample that retains its original structure and molecular information. (10) Spontaneous Mutations May Play Role in Congenital Heart Disease Richard P. Lifton, Yale University Christine E. Seidman, Brigham and Women's Hospital http://www.hhmi.org/news/spontaneous-mutations-play-key-role-congenital-he art-disease Every year, thousands of babies are born with severely malformed hearts, disorders known collectively as congenital heart disease. Many of these defects can be repaired though surgery, but researchers don't understand what causes them or how to prevent them. New research from HHMI labs shows that about 10 percent of these defects are caused by genetic mutations that are absent in the parents of affected children. Although genetic factors contribute to congenital heart disease, many children born with heart defects have healthy parents and siblings, suggesting that new mutations that arise spontaneously-known as de novo mutations-might contribute to the disease. (11) Genetic Engineering Alters Mosquitoes' Sense of Smell Leslie Vosshall, The Rockefeller University http://www.hhmi.org/news/genetic-engineering-alters-mosquitoes-sense-smell In one of the first successful attempts at genetically engineering mosquitoes, HHMI researchers have altered the way the insects respond to odors, including the smell of humans and the insect repellant DEET. The research not only demonstrates that mosquitoes can be genetically altered using the latest research techniques, but paves the way to understanding why the insect is so attracted to humans, and how to block that attraction. (12) Newly Identified Gene Protects Wheat Plants from Infection Jorge Dubcovsky, University of California, Davis http://www.hhmi.org/news/newly-identified-gene-protects-wheat-plants-devas tating-infection HHMI scientists have identified a gene that enables wheat crops to fight off stem rust, a dreaded fungus that blights wheat fields with rusty brown lesions and reduces yields. The researchers worked for five years to identify the resistance gene in a species of wild wheat. Stem rust has long been the wheat farmer's adversary. The spores erupt from brownish lesions on infected plants' stems and drift from field to field on the wind. The most recent U.S. outbreak occurred in the 1950s, when stem rust wiped out 40 percent of the spring wheat harvest. Scientists beat back the fungus by breeding wheat containing a few effective resistance genes. (13) Ultrasensitive Calcium Sensors Shine New Light on Activity of Neurons Karel Svoboda, Loren Looger, and Vivek Jayaraman, Janelia Farm Research Campus http://www.hhmi.org/news/ultrasensitive-calcium-sensors-shine-new-light-ne uron-activity When a neuron receives a signal from one of its neighbors, the impulse sets off a sudden series of electrochemical events geared toward passing the message along. Among the first events: calcium ions rush into the neurons when a set of channels opens. Scientists at HHMI's Janelia Farm Research Campus have engineered a new protein that brightly fluoresces each time it senses these calcium waves, giving the scientists a way to visualize the activity of every neuron throughout the brain. The new protein is the most sensitive calcium sensor ever developed and the first to allow the detection of every neural impulse, rather than just a portion. (14) A New Wrinkle in Parkinson's Disease Research Kevan Shokat, University of California, San Francisco http://www.hhmi.org/news/new-wrinkle-parkinsons-disease-research The active ingredient in an over-the-counter skin cream might do more than prevent wrinkles. HHMI scientists have discovered that the drug, called kinetin, also slows or stops the effects of Parkinson's disease on brain cells. They identified the link through biochemical and cellular studies, but the research team is now testing the drug in animal models of Parkinson's. |
| Statement 1-continued 2 | Part III, Program Service, line 4a - Medical Research | (D) Honors and Awards Received by HHMI Scientists (Fiscal Year 2013) (1) Lefkowitz Awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences honored Robert J. Lefkowitz, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) investigator at Duke University, and Brian K. Kobilka of Stanford University School of Medicine with the 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for studies of G-protein coupled receptors. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded for groundbreaking discoveries that reveal the inner workings of an important family of such receptors: G-protein-coupled receptors. (2) Vale Wins Lasker Award The Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation announced that HHMI investigator Ronald D. Vale of the University of California, San Francisco, Michael Sheetz of Columbia University and James Spudich of Stanford University School of Medicine will share the 2012 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award. The Lasker Awards-considered among the most respected science prizes in the world-honor visionaries whose insight and perseverance have led to dramatic advances that will prevent disease and prolong life. Vale, Sheetz and Spudich were honored for their discoveries concerning cytoskeletal motor proteins-machines that move cargoes within cells, contract muscles, and enable cell movements. (3) Two Janelia Scientists Elected as AAAS Fellows Ulrike Heberlein and Nelson Spruston of HHMI's Janelia Farm Research Campus were elected Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Election as a AAAS Fellow is an honor bestowed upon members by their peers. Fellows are recognized for meritorious efforts to advance science or its applications. Heberlein was recognized in the AAAS Section of Biological Sciences, while Spruston was recognized in the Section of Neuroscience. (4) HHMI Trio Honored with Breakthrough Prizes Three HHMI investigators were among 11 scientists recognized with the inaugural Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences. HHMI investigators Cornelia I. Bargmann at the Rockefeller University, Charles L. Sawyers at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Bert Vogelstein at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine were honored for excellence in research aimed at curing intractable diseases and extending human life. The prizes are administered by the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences Foundation, a not-for-profit corporation dedicated to advancing breakthrough research. Each prize carries an award of $3 million. (5) Elledge Receives 2013 Canada Gairdner International Award The Gairdner Foundation named Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) researcher Stephen Elledge a recipient of a prestigious 2013 Canada Gairdner International Award in recognition of his contributions to medical science. The awards, which are presented annually, recognize scientists responsible for some of the world's most significant medical discoveries. Elledge, who became an HHMI investigator in 1993, was honored for elucidation of the DNA damage response as a signaling network that controls DNA repair and genomic stability. The Foundation noted that Elledge's research is likely to have profound implications for cancer and other diseases. Elledge is on the faculty at Harvard Medical School. (6) HHMI Scientists Elected to National Academy of Sciences Seven HHMI investigators, two HHMI-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation investigators, two HHMI professors and a senior fellow at Janelia Farm Research Campus have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Sciences is a private organization of scientists and engineers dedicated to the furtherance of science and its use for the general welfare. The scientists are Kristi S. Anseth, University of Colorado, Boulder; Ronald R. Breaker, Yale University; Xuemei Chen, University of California, Riverside; Janelia Senior Fellow Winfried Denk, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research; Edward M. DeRobertis, University of California, Los Angeles; Jorge Dubcovsky, University of California, Davis; William R. Jacobs, Jr., Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Beth Levine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; HHMI Professor Mary Lidstrom, University of Washington; Norbert Perrimon, Harvard Medical School; Stephen R. Quake, Stanford University; HHMI Professor Graham Walker, MIT. (7) Six HHMI Researchers Elected to Institute of Medicine Six Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) investigators were elected to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to honor professional achievement in the health sciences and to serve as a national resource for independent, scientifically informed analysis and recommendations on health issues. The scientists are Gideon Dreyfuss, University of Pennsylvania; Joseph G. Gleeson, University of California, San Diego; Brendan Lee, Baylor College of Medicine; Ruslan M. Medzhitov, Yale University; Danny Reinberg, New York University; and Christopher A. Walsh, Boston Children's Hospital. |
| Statement 2 | Part III, Program Service, line 4b - Science Education Programs | 4b: Science Education Programs (A) Graduate Science Education and Medical Research Training (B) Precollege and Undergraduate Science Education Program (C) Educational Resources (D) Tangled Bank Studios (E) eLife - Open Access Journal HHMI's Department of Science Education emphasizes initiatives with the power to transform graduate, undergraduate, and precollege education in the sciences. HHMI is the largest private funder of science education in the United States. During the its fiscal year ended August 31, 2013, the Institute distributed $80 million in grants to support science education. The Institute's science education programs support ties between scientific research and teaching with the goal of increasing and enhancing student research opportunities; improving science courses, curricula, and instruction; and providing enhanced graduate and physician scientist training opportunities. Most HHMI grants are awarded through competitions with specific objectives and eligibility criteria and awards are generally made following a stringent process of peer review. HHMI does not encourage and rarely funds unsolicited grant proposals. HHMI's educational activities are funded through three major programs; the goals of each program and the major activities for the year are summarized below. (A) Graduate Science Education and Medical Research Training This program focuses on the development of innovative graduate education programs through grants to institutions and fellowships to students. It supports research fellowships for medical students, doctoral fellowships for students who are disadvantaged or from groups underrepresented in the sciences, doctoral fellowships for international students pursuing Ph.D. at U.S. institutions, and awards research grants to physician-scientists at the outset of their careers as independent scientists. Sixty-nine medical, dental, and veterinary students were selected to participate in the Medical Research Fellows Program. The fellowships enable students to take a year off from professional school to conduct laboratory research. The hope is that these students will one day choose to work at the crossroads of basic and clinical research. To expand the program, HHMI has entered into partnerships with several foundations that fund students who have specific research interests. A total of seven medical research fellows will be funded by HHMI's six partner organizations this year: The Burroughs Wellcome Fund (BWF), the Duchenne Research Fund (DRF), the Foundation Fighting Blindness (FFB), the Society of Interventional Radiology Foundation (SIRF), Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy (CURE), and K-RITH. Sixty-two awardees will be supported by HHMI. Nine promising students were selected as recipients of HHMI's Gilliam Fellowships for Advanced Study. The fellowships provide full support for up to four years of study toward a Ph.D. in the sciences to students who are disadvantaged or who come from groups underrepresented in the sciences. The Gilliam Fellows Program, which is now in its tenth year, aims to enrich science research and increase the diversity of college and university faculty members by supporting the education of top student scientists who will themselves either become professors or are committed to creating a more diverse academic community. Fellowship recipients previously participated in HHMI's Exceptional Research Opportunities Program (EXROP), which provides summer research experiences in HHMI laboratories. HHMI also selected 42 exceptionally promising graduate students from 19 countries to receive International Student Research Fellowships. This support will enable these individuals to devote their full attention to research during their third, fourth, and fifth year of graduate school. HHMI began this program because it recognized that international students in U.S. graduate schools often have difficulty getting funding to support their studies. The fellowships are designed to fund the students' graduate education at a pivotal point in their scientific careers when they delve into intense laboratory research for their doctoral dissertations. (B) Precollege and Undergraduate Science Education Program Through this program, HHMI seeks to recruit and develop the future leaders of science and science education, and enhance science literacy among all students. Precollege grants support teacher training and inquiry-based student learning. Grants to colleges and universities support undergraduate student research, faculty and curriculum development, and science education outreach activities. Through the HHMI Professors Program, HHMI provides support to distinguished scientists with a commitment to teaching. In the 2013 fiscal year: HHMI announced it would fund up to 15 new HHMI professors awards, which will be made in 2014. Each scientist selected will receive $1 million over five years to create activities that integrate their research with student learning in ways that enhance undergraduate students' understanding of science. Applications for the new awards were due in this fiscal year. HHMI professors are accomplished research scientists who are deeply committed to making science more engaging for undergraduates. By providing them with the funds and support to implement their ideas, HHMI hopes to empower these individuals to create new models for teaching science at research universities. HHMI also announced it would invest $22.5 million over five years to help major research universities train a new generation of science and mathematics teachers. The grant from HHMI will allow the National Math and Science Initiative (NMSI) to expand its highly regarded UTeach Program to 10 major research universities in the United States. NMSI invited eligible schools to apply for these grants and will select the finalists in late 2013. HHMI invited 203 research universities to apply for a new round of science education grants aimed at helping research universities improve persistence of students studying STEM disciplines and reinvigorating introductory science courses. The Institute expects to make up to 35 awards of up to $2.5 million each. It will announce the recipients in late spring 2014. A total of 76 college students were selected to participate in HHMI's Exceptional Research Opportunities Program (EXROP). In addition, 23 students from the 2012 EXROP program were funded to return to their 2012 labs for a second summer research experience. The EXROP program provides summer research experiences in the labs of HHMI investigators, professors, and at the Janelia Farm Research Campus. Now in its eleventh year, the EXROP program is designed to encourage the students to pursue careers in science. (C) Educational Resources This program produces science education materials that feature cutting-edge research conducted by HHMI investigators and other scientists. The materials are designed primarily for high school and undergraduate science educators, but they also find an audience among the general public. The 2013 Holiday Lectures on Science "Medicine in the Genomics Era," featured HHMI investigators Charles L. Sawyers of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Christopher A. Walsh of Boston Children's Hospital. They discussed the breathtaking pace of discoveries into the genetic causes of various types of cancers and diseases of the nervous system, and the impact of those discoveries on our understanding of normal human development and disease, before a live audience of nearly 200 high school students from the Washington, DC area and a national and international audience who could view the lectures through the HHMI website. The lectures will later be available online and by the distribution of free DVDs and supported by a variety of accompanying online teaching materials. Each year, more than 100,000 copies of the DVDs are distributed; the supporting website receives more than two million visits each year. |
| Statement 2-continued | Part III, Program Service, line 4b - Science Education Programs | (C) Educational Resources (continued) At the National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT) annual meeting, HHMI premiered four new short documentary films. Three of the films are part of the new The Origin of Species series. First in the series, The Making of a Theory chronicles the epic voyages of Darwin and Wallace and how they independently discovered the natural origin of species and formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection. The Beak of the Finch follows four decades of research by Princeton University biologists Peter and Rosemary Grant on finch species that live only on the Galpagos Islands-research that illuminates how species form and multiply. The third film in the series, Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree, takes viewers to the islands of the Caribbean where Harvard University biologist Jonathan Losos is studying how adaptation to a variety of habitats has led to the evolution of dozens of species of anole lizards. The other film that premiered at NABT is The Double Helix, a fresh look at the scientists and evidence involved in one of the most important scientific quests of the 20th century: the discovery of the structure of DNA. The film combines rarely seen archival footage with interviews with some of today's leading scientists to bring this landmark discovery and all of its implications to life. The Double Helix was also shown to the students attending the 2013 Holiday Lectures on Science. The film screening was followed by a panel discussion that included Nobel laureate James Watson and other scientists featured in the film. The Holiday Lectures and short science films are all available on the BioInteractive website, www.hhmi.org/biointeractive. The Educational Resources Group also developed EarthViewer, a free, interactive app designed for iPad and Android devices, that lets users explore Earth's history with the touch of a finger by scrolling through 4.5 billion years of geological evolution. The app tracks the planet's continental shifts, compares changes in climate as far back as the planet's origin, and explores Earth's biodiversity over the last 540 million years. It combines visual analysis with hard data, and helps students make connections between geological and biological change. (D) Tangled Bank Studios Tangled Bank Studios, LLC, HHMI's documentary film production unit, is dedicated to the creation of original science documentaries for broadcast, theatrical, and digital distribution. As an extension of HHMI's longstanding science education mission, the company aims to produce programs that capture compelling stories of discovery across all branches of scientific inquiry. Tangled Bank's inaugural slate of productions includes: Your Inner Fish, a scientific adventure story based on the best-selling book by paleontologist and anatomist Neil Shubin, Ph.D., of the University of Chicago. It takes us from Kenya to the Arctic Circle to uncover the 3.5-billion-year history of the human body-and how our ancient ancestors have shaped our anatomy. This three-part series is being produced in collaboration with U.K. production company Windfall Films. Your Inner Fish will air on PBS on April 9, 16 & 23, 2014, as part of the network's themed science nights. The Quest to Map the World, a three-part series that tells the epic story of the scientists and explorers who risked their lives to map the planet and, in the process, changed our understanding of the world we inhabit. The series is a co-production with National Geographic Television, slated to air on PBS in fall 2014. A program, tentatively titled Jabbed, will look at the science of vaccines against the background of resistance to immunization on the part of some parents, and the consequent return of diseases such as pertussis, measles and pneumococcal pneumonia. The program examines the history of vaccination, how vaccines work to create immunity and why vaccine skepticism is on the rise in the US and abroad. The film is produced in collaboration with Genepool Productions' Sonya Pemberton, who won the 2012 Emmy Award for best science film for her documentary on telomeres. Jabbed is expected to air on PBS/NOVA. Extinction: To the Brink and Back, based on the classroom film by the Education Resources group, takes a broader look at the science of extinction and the possibility that the planet is facing a sixth extinction. New material includes a detailed section on the Permian extinction with recent science confirming its volcanic causes, and a look at the problems besetting Yellowstone. The film will air on the Smithsonian Channel. US home video distribution is being undertaken in partnership with PBSd. Off the Fence, an independent distribution company based in Amsterdam, will distribute the films internationally. (E) eLife - Open Access Journal HHMI, the Max Planck Society, and the Wellcome Trust have supported the establishment of a top tier scientific journal called eLife. The online journal follows an open access model and is directed by practicing scientists. eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd., is an independent non-profit entity governed by a separate board of directors. eLife began publishing research articles in late 2012 and is now publishing articles online on a regular basis. Additional information about eLife can be found at www.elifesciences.org. |
| Statement 3 | PART III, Program Service, Line 4c - Support for International Science | 4C: Support for International Science (A)International Early Career Scientist Program (B)Senior International Research Scholars Program (C)The KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH) (A) International Early Career Scientist Program In 2012, HHMI began the International Early Career Scientist Program, which awards each selected scientist $650,000 over a period of five years with the goal of helping these talented individuals establish independent research programs. In this pilot program, HHMI identified scientists who are, or have the potential to become, scientific leaders. The 28 HHMI International Early Career scientists are at 22 institutions in 12 countries. Each scientist who was selected had directed his or her own laboratory for less than seven years when they applied to HHMI. The countries represented by the HHMI International Early Career scientists are Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Hungary, India, Italy, Poland, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, and South Korea. (B) Senior International Research Scholars Program HHMI selected 13 of the world's leading basic science researchers to receive Senior International Research Scholar (SIRS) awards. The awards support outstanding biomedical scientists working outside the United States who have made significant contributions to fundamental research in the biological sciences. The new SIRS awardees, selected from a group of previous HHMI international research scholars, are respected leaders in their fields. Each HHMI senior international research scholar was awarded a grant of $100,000 per year over five years, and will present their research at scientific meetings held at HHMI. The gatherings are intended to facilitate the exchange of ideas, stimulate new research, and provide an opportunity for collaboration with other HHMI scientists. (C) The KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH) HHMI, in partnership with the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) in South Africa, has established an international research center focused on making major scientific contributions to the worldwide effort to control the devastating co-epidemic of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV. The KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH) is an independent non-profit association incorporated under South African law. It is placing a major emphasis on establishing a world-class research program focused on the scientific discoveries about the infecting organisms and helping to train a new generation of scientists in Africa. HHMI has committed over $70 million to K-RITH over 10 years, including support provided during its fiscal year ended August 31, 2013. UKZN is making substantial financial and in-kind commitments to K-RITH as well. The need for more research on TB and HIV is substantial. South Africa has more residents infected with HIV than any other nation in the world. In addition, it has one of the highest per capita rates of TB in the world. K-RITH continues to recruit early career and established research scientists, in addition to awarding grants to support collaborative research and educational activities between South African scientists and their international colleagues. K-RITH formally opened its new research building in October 2012 on the campus of the Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine in Durban. The new facility includes high-level biosafety (BSL-3) laboratories equipped for HIV and TB research. K-RITH aims to be fully established and integrated into the overall South African and global research enterprise by 2018. |
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