Form990-PF

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service

Return of Private Foundation
or Section 4947(a)(1) Trust Treated as Private Foundation
bulletDo not enter social security numbers on this form as it may be made public.
bulletInformation about Form 990-PF and its instructions is at www.irs.gov/form990pf.
OMB No. 1545-0052
2015
Open to Public Inspection
For calendar year 2015, or tax year beginning 01-01-2015 , and ending 12-31-2015
Name of foundation
The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research
Institute
Number and street (or P.O. box number if mail is not delivered to street address)2318 Fillmore Street
  Room/suite
City or town, state or province, country, and ZIP or foreign postal code
San Francisco, CA94115
A Employer identification number

94-6127237
B Telephone number (see instructions)

(415) 345-2000
C bullet
G Check all that apply:

D 1. bullet
2. bullet
E bullet
H Check type of organization:
F bullet
I Fair market value of all assets at end
of year (from Part II, col. (c),
line 16)bullet$30,807,491J Accounting method:
 
(Part I, column (d) must be on cash basis.)
Part I Analysis of Revenue and Expenses (The total of amounts in columns (b), (c), and (d) may not necessarily equal the amounts in column (a) (see instructions).) (a) Revenue and
expenses per
books 		(b) Net investment
income 		(c) Adjusted net
income 		(d) Disbursements
for charitable
purposes
(cash basis only)
Revenue 1 Contributions, gifts, grants, etc., received (attach schedule) 3,422,472
2 Check bullet Sch. B .............
3 Interest on savings and temporary cash investments      
4 Dividends and interest from securities... 699,994 699,994 699,994
5a Gross rents............      
b Net rental income or (loss)  
6a Net gain or (loss) from sale of assets not on line 10 Click to see attachment 4,208,866
b Gross sales price for all assets on line 6a 28,216,747
7 Capital gain net income (from Part IV, line 2)... 4,216,788
8 Net short-term capital gain......... 0
9 Income modifications...........  
10a Gross sales less returns and allowances  
b Less: Cost of goods sold....  
c Gross profit or (loss) (attach schedule).....    
11 Other income (attach schedule)....... Click to see attachment 134,420 0 134,420
12 Total. Add lines 1 through 11........ 8,465,752 4,916,782 834,414
Operating and Administrative Expenses 13 Compensation of officers, directors, trustees, etc. 560,609 0 0 560,609
14 Other employee salaries and wages...... 2,644,254 0 0 2,644,254
15 Pension plans, employee benefits....... 1,267,071 0 0 1,267,071
16a Legal fees (attach schedule)......... Click to see attachment 763 0 0 763
b Accounting fees (attach schedule)....... Click to see attachment 35,750 0 0 35,750
c Other professional fees (attach schedule).... Click to see attachment 504,796 0 0 504,796
17 Interest...............        
18 Taxes (attach schedule) (see instructions)...        
19 Depreciation (attach schedule) and depletion... 682,019 0 0
20 Occupancy..............        
21 Travel, conferences, and meetings....... 167,737 0 0 167,737
22 Printing and publications..........        
23 Other expenses (attach schedule)....... Click to see attachment 917,815 85,847 0 831,968
24 Total operating and administrative expenses.
Add lines 13 through 23.......... 6,780,814 85,847 0 6,012,948
25 Contributions, gifts, grants paid....... 0 0
26 Total expenses and disbursements. Add lines 24 and 25 6,780,814 85,847 0 6,012,948
27 Subtract line 26 from line 12:
a Excess of revenue over expenses and disbursements 1,684,938
b Net investment income (if negative, enter -0-) 4,830,935
c Adjusted net income (if negative, enter -0-)... 834,414
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see instructions.
Cat. No. 11289X Form 990-PF (2015)
Form 990-PF (2015)
Page 2
Part II Balance Sheets Attached schedules and amounts in the description column
should be for end-of-year amounts only. (See instructions.)		 Beginning of year End of year
(a) Book Value (b) Book Value (c) Fair Market Value
Assets 1 Cash—non-interest-bearing............. 26,270 90,932 90,932
2 Savings and temporary cash investments......... 419,226 593,528 593,528
3 Accounts receivable bullet  
Less: allowance for doubtful accounts bullet        
4 Pledges receivable bullet  
Less: allowance for doubtful accounts bullet        
5 Grants receivable................. 70,082 111,957 111,957
6 Receivables due from officers, directors, trustees, and other
disqualified persons (attach schedule) (see instructions).....      
7 Other notes and loans receivable (attach schedule) bullet  
Less: allowance for doubtful accounts bullet        
8 Inventories for sale or use..............      
9 Prepaid expenses and deferred charges.......... 110,346 47,863 47,863
10a Investments—U.S. and state government obligations (attach schedule)      
b Investments—corporate stock (attach schedule)....... 11,121,476 Click to see attachment9,867,551 9,867,551
c Investments—corporate bonds (attach schedule)....... 13,331,073 Click to see attachment11,692,107 11,692,107
11 Investments—land, buildings, and equipment: basis bullet  
Less: accumulated depreciation (attach schedule) bullet        
12 Investments—mortgage loans.............      
13 Investments—other (attach schedule)..........      
14 Land, buildings, and equipment: basis bullet25,269,733
Less: accumulated depreciation (attach schedule) bullet16,866,180 9,026,825 8,403,553 8,403,553
15 Other assets (describe bullet)      
16 Total assets (to be completed by all filers—see the
instructions. Also, see page 1, item I) 34,105,298 30,807,491 30,807,491
Liabilities 17 Accounts payable and accrued expenses.......... 658,581 730,340
18 Grants payable..................    
19 Deferred revenue................. 2,500 11,295
20 Loans from officers, directors, trustees, and other disqualified persons    
21 Mortgages and other notes payable (attach schedule)......    
22 Other liabilities (describe bullet) Click to see attachment0 Click to see attachment13,675
23 Total liabilities (add lines 17 through 22)......... 661,081 755,310
Net Assets or Fund Balances bullet
and complete lines 24 through 26 and lines 30 and 31.
24 Unrestricted.................. 12,086,476 9,089,155
25 Temporarily restricted............... 2,057,874 2,087,822
26 Permanently restricted............... 19,299,867 18,875,204
bullet
and complete lines 27 through 31.
27 Capital stock, trust principal, or current funds........    
28 Paid-in or capital surplus, or land, bldg., and equipment fund    
29 Retained earnings, accumulated income, endowment, or other funds    
30 Total net assets or fund balances (see instructions)..... 33,444,217 30,052,181
31 Total liabilities and net assets/fund balances (see instructions). 34,105,298 30,807,491
Part III
Analysis of Changes in Net Assets or Fund Balances
1
Total net assets or fund balances at beginning of year—Part II, column (a), line 30 (must agree with end-of-year figure reported on prior year’s return) ...............
1
33,444,217
2
Enter amount from Part I, line 27a .....................
2
1,684,938
3
Other increases not included in line 2 (itemize) bullet
3
0
4
Add lines 1, 2, and 3 ..........................
4
35,129,155
5
Decreases not included in line 2 (itemize) bulletClick to see attachment
5
5,076,974
6
Total net assets or fund balances at end of year (line 4 minus line 5)—Part II, column (b), line 30 .
6
30,052,181
Form 990-PF (2015)
Form 990-PF (2015)
Page 3
Part IV
Capital Gains and Losses for Tax on Investment Income
(a) List and describe the kind(s) of property sold (e.g., real estate,
2-story brick warehouse; or common stock, 200 shs. MLC Co.) 		(b) How acquired
P—Purchase
D—Donation 		(c) Date acquired
(mo., day, yr.) 		(d) Date sold
(mo., day, yr.)
1 a various P    
b VARIOUS P    
c
d
e
(e) Gross sales price (f) Depreciation allowed
(or allowable) 		(g) Cost or other basis
plus expense of sale 		(h) Gain or (loss)
(e) plus (f) minus (g)
a 5,703,825   5,784,681 -80,856
b 22,512,922   18,215,278 4,297,644
c
d
e
Complete only for assets showing gain in column (h) and owned by the foundation on 12/31/69 (l) Gains (Col. (h) gain minus
col. (k), but not less than -0-) or
Losses (from col.(h))
(i) F.M.V. as of 12/31/69 (j) Adjusted basis
as of 12/31/69 		(k) Excess of col. (i)
over col. (j), if any
a       -80,856
b       4,297,644
c
d
e
2 Capital gain net income or (net capital loss) Bracket If gain, also enter in Part I, line 7
If (loss), enter -0- in Part I, line 7		 Bracket 2 4,216,788
3 Net short-term capital gain or (loss) as defined in sections 1222(5) and (6):
If gain, also enter in Part I, line 8, column (c) (see instructions). If (loss), enter -0-
in Part I, line 8 ................... 		Bracket 3 -80,856
Part V
Qualification Under Section 4940(e) for Reduced Tax on Net Investment Income
(For optional use by domestic private foundations subject to the section 4940(a) tax on net investment income.)
If section 4940(d)(2) applies, leave this part blank.
Was the foundation liable for the section 4942 tax on the distributable amount of any year in the base period?
If "Yes," the foundation does not qualify under section 4940(e). Do not complete this part.
1 Enter the appropriate amount in each column for each year; see instructions before making any entries.
(a)
Base period years Calendar
year (or tax year beginning in) 		(b)
Adjusted qualifying distributions 		(c)
Net value of noncharitable-use assets 		(d)
Distribution ratio
(col. (b) divided by col. (c))
2014      
2013      
2012      
2011      
2010      
2
Total of line 1, column (d) .....................
2  
3
Average distribution ratio for the 5-year base period—divide the total on line 2 by 5, or by
the number of years the foundation has been in existence if less than 5 years . . .
3
 
4
Enter the net value of noncharitable-use assets for 2015 from Part X, line 5.....
4
 
5
Multiply line 4 by line 3......................
5
 
6
Enter 1% of net investment income (1% of Part I, line 27b)...........
6
 
7
Add lines 5 and 6........................
7
 
8
Enter qualifying distributions from Part XII, line 4.............
8
 
If line 8 is equal to or greater than line 7, check the box in Part VI, line 1b, and complete that part using a 1% tax rate. See the Part VI instructions.
Form 990-PF (2015)
Form 990-PF (2015)
Page 4
Part VI
Excise Tax Based on Investment Income (Section 4940(a), 4940(b), 4940(e), or 4948—see page 18 of the instructions)
1a Bullet and enter “N/A" on line 1. Bracket
Date of ruling or determination letter: 1985-10-24(attach copy of letter if necessary–see instructions)
b 1 N/A
hereBulletand enter 1% of Part I, line 27b...................
c All other domestic foundations enter 2% of line 27b. Exempt foreign organizations enter 4% of Part I, line 12, col. (b)
2 Tax under section 511 (domestic section 4947(a)(1) trusts and taxable foundations only. Others enter -0-) 2  
3 Add lines 1 and 2........................... 3  
4 Subtitle A (income) tax (domestic section 4947(a)(1) trusts and taxable foundations only. Others enter -0-) 4  
5 Tax based on investment income. Subtract line 4 from line 3. If zero or less, enter -0- ..... 5 0
6 Credits/Payments:
a 2015 estimated tax payments and 2014 overpayment credited to 2015 6a  
b Exempt foreign organizations—tax withheld at source...... 6b
c Tax paid with application for extension of time to file (Form 8868)... 6c  
d Backup withholding erroneously withheld ........... 6d  
7 Total credits and payments. Add lines 6a through 6d.............. 7 0
8 Enter any penalty for underpayment of estimated tax. if Form 2220 is attached. 8  
9 Tax due. If the total of lines 5 and 8 is more than line 7, enter amount owed.......Bullet 9 0
10 Overpayment. If line 7 is more than the total of lines 5 and 8, enter the amount overpaid...Bullet 10  
11 Enter the amount of line 10 to be: Credited to 2015 estimated taxBullet   RefundedBullet 11  
Part VII-A
Statements Regarding Activities
1a
During the tax year, did the foundation attempt to influence any national, state, or local legislation or did
Yes
No
it participate or intervene in any political campaign? ....................
1a
 
No
b
Did it spend more than $100 during the year (either directly or indirectly) for political purposes (see Instructions
for definition)?.................................
1b
 
No
If the answer is "Yes" to 1a or 1b, attach a detailed description of the activities and copies of any materials
published or distributed by the foundation in connection with the activities.
c
Did the foundation file Form 1120-POL for this year?.....................
1c
 
No
d
Enter the amount (if any) of tax on political expenditures (section 4955) imposed during the year:
(1) On the foundation. bullet$ 0(2) On foundation managers.bullet$ 0
e
Enter the reimbursement (if any) paid by the foundation during the year for political expenditure tax imposed
on foundation managers.bullet$ 0
2
Has the foundation engaged in any activities that have not previously been reported to the IRS?.......
2
 
No
If "Yes," attach a detailed description of the activities.
3
Has the foundation made any changes, not previously reported to the IRS, in its governing instrument, articles
of incorporation, or bylaws, or other similar instruments? If "Yes," attach a conformed copy of the changes....
3
 
No
4a
Did the foundation have unrelated business gross income of $1,000 or more during the year?........
4a
 
No
b
If "Yes," has it filed a tax return on Form 990-T for this year?...................
4b
 
 
5
Was there a liquidation, termination, dissolution, or substantial contraction during the year?.........
5
 
No
If "Yes," attach the statement required by General Instruction T.
6
Are the requirements of section 508(e) (relating to sections 4941 through 4945) satisfied either:
  • By language in the governing instrument, or
  • By state legislation that effectively amends the governing instrument so that no mandatory directions
    • that conflict with the state law remain in the governing instrument?................
    6
    Yes
     
    7
    Did the foundation have at least $5,000 in assets at any time during the year? If "Yes," complete Part II, col. (c),
    and Part XV..................................
    7
    Yes
     
    8a
    Enter the states to which the foundation reports or with which it is registered (see instructions)
    bulletCA
    b
    If the answer is "Yes" to line 7, has the foundation furnished a copy of Form 990-PF to the Attorney
    General (or designate) of each state as required by General Instruction G? If "No," attach explanation .
    8b
    Yes
     
    9
    Is the foundation claiming status as a private operating foundation within the meaning of section 4942(j)(3)
    or 4942(j)(5) for calendar year 2015 or the taxable year beginning in 2015 (see instructions for Part XIV)?
    If "Yes," complete Part XIV.............................
    9
    Yes
     
    10
    Did any persons become substantial contributors during the tax year? If "Yes," attach a schedule listing their names
    and addresses. ...............................
    10
     
    No
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Page 5
    Part VII-A
    Statements Regarding Activities (continued)
    11
    At any time during the year, did the foundation, directly or indirectly, own a controlled entity within the
    meaning of section 512(b)(13)? If "Yes," attach schedule. (see instructions) .............
    11
     
    No
    12
    Did the foundation make a distribution to a donor advised fund over which the foundation or a disqualified person had
    advisory privileges? If "Yes," attach statement (see instructions).................
    12
     
    No
    13
    Did the foundation comply with the public inspection requirements for its annual returns and exemption application?
    13
    Yes
     
    Website addressbulletwww.ski.org
    14
    The books are in care ofbulletJOHN BRABYN CEO Telephone no.bullet (415) 345-2000

    Located atbullet2318 Fillmore StreetSan FranciscoCA ZIP+4bullet941151813
    15
    Section 4947(a)(1) nonexempt charitable trusts filing Form 990-PF in lieu of Form 1041.......bullet
    and enter the amount of tax-exempt interest received or accrued during the year ......bullet
    15  
    16 At any time during calendar year 2015, did the foundation have an interest in or a signature or other authority over YesNo
    a bank, securities, or other financial account in a foreign country?
    16   No
    See instructions for exceptions and filing requirements for FinCEN Form 114, Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR). If "Yes", enter the name of the foreign country bullet  
    Part VII-B
    Statements Regarding Activities for Which Form 4720 May Be Required
    File Form 4720 if any item is checked in the "Yes" column, unless an exception applies.
    Yes
    No
    1a
    During the year did the foundation (either directly or indirectly):
    (1) Engage in the sale or exchange, or leasing of property with a disqualified person?
    (2) Borrow money from, lend money to, or otherwise extend credit to (or accept it from)
    a disqualified person?......................
    (3) Furnish goods, services, or facilities to (or accept them from) a disqualified person?
    (4) Pay compensation to, or pay or reimburse the expenses of, a disqualified person?
    (5) Transfer any income or assets to a disqualified person (or make any of either available
    for the benefit or use of a disqualified person)?...............
    (6) Agree to pay money or property to a government official? (Exception. Check "No"
    if the foundation agreed to make a grant to or to employ the official for a period
    after termination of government service, if terminating within 90 days.).......
    b
    If any answer is "Yes" to 1a(1)–(6), did any of the acts fail to qualify under the exceptions described in Regulations
    section 53.4941(d)-3 or in a current notice regarding disaster assistance (see instructions)? ........
    1b
     
     
    ........bullet
    c
    Did the foundation engage in a prior year in any of the acts described in 1a, other than excepted acts,
    that were not corrected before the first day of the tax year beginning in 2015?.............
    1c
     
    No
    2
    Taxes on failure to distribute income (section 4942) (does not apply for years the foundation was a private
    operating foundation defined in section 4942(j)(3) or 4942(j)(5)):
    a
    At the end of tax year 2015, did the foundation have any undistributed income (lines 6d
    and 6e, Part XIII) for tax year(s) beginning before 2015?.............
    If "Yes," list the years bullet20, 20, 20, 20
    b
    Are there any years listed in 2a for which the foundation is not applying the provisions of section 4942(a)(2)
    (relating to incorrect valuation of assets) to the year’s undistributed income? (If applying section 4942(a)(2)
    to all years listed, answer "No" and attach statement—see instructions.) ..............
    2b
     
     
    c
    If the provisions of section 4942(a)(2) are being applied to any of the years listed in 2a, list the years here.
    bullet20, 20, 20, 20
    3a
    Did the foundation hold more than a 2% direct or indirect interest in any business enterprise at
    any time during the year?......................
    b
    If "Yes," did it have excess business holdings in 2015 as a result of (1) any purchase by the foundation
    or disqualified persons after May 26, 1969; (2) the lapse of the 5-year period (or longer period approved
    by the Commissioner under section 4943(c)(7)) to dispose of holdings acquired by gift or bequest; or (3)
    the lapse of the 10-, 15-, or 20-year first phase holding period? (Use Schedule C, Form 4720, to determine
    if the foundation had excess business holdings in 2015.)..................
    3b
     
     
    4a
    Did the foundation invest during the year any amount in a manner that would jeopardize its charitable purposes?
    4a
     
    No
    b
    Did the foundation make any investment in a prior year (but after December 31, 1969) that could jeopardize its
    charitable purpose that had not been removed from jeopardy before the first day of the tax year beginning in 2015?
    4b
     
    No
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Page 6
    Part VII-B
    Statements Regarding Activities for Which Form 4720 May Be Required (Continued)
    5a
    During the year did the foundation pay or incur any amount to:
    (1) Carry on propaganda, or otherwise attempt to influence legislation (section 4945(e))?
    (2) Influence the outcome of any specific public election (see section 4955); or to carry
    on, directly or indirectly, any voter registration drive?.............
    (3) Provide a grant to an individual for travel, study, or other similar purposes?
    (4) Provide a grant to an organization other than a charitable, etc., organization described
    in section 4945(d)(4)(A)? (see instructions)................
    (5) Provide for any purpose other than religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or
    educational purposes, or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals?.....
    b
    If any answer is "Yes" to 5a(1)–(5), did any of the transactions fail to qualify under the exceptions described in
    Regulations section 53.4945 or in a current notice regarding disaster assistance (see instructions)? ......
    5b
     
     
    .........bullet
    c
    If the answer is "Yes" to question 5a(4), does the foundation claim exemption from the
    tax because it maintained expenditure responsibility for the grant?..........
    If "Yes," attach the statement required by Regulations section 53.4945–5(d).
    6a
    Did the foundation, during the year, receive any funds, directly or indirectly, to pay premiums on
    a personal benefit contract?.....................
    b
    Did the foundation, during the year, pay premiums, directly or indirectly, on a personal benefit contract?....
    6b
     
    No
    If "Yes" to 6b, file Form 8870.
    7a
    At any time during the tax year, was the foundation a party to a prohibited tax shelter transaction?
    b
    If yes, did the foundation receive any proceeds or have any net income attributable to the transaction? ....
    7b
     
     
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Page 7
    Part VIII
    Information About Officers, Directors, Trustees, Foundation Managers, Highly Paid Employees,
    and Contractors
    1 List all officers, directors, trustees, foundation managers and their compensation (see instructions).
    (a) Name and address (b) Title, and average
    hours per week
    devoted to position     		(c) Compensation
     (If not paid, enter
    -0-)     		(d) Contributions to employee benefit plans and deferred compensation (e) Expense account,
    other allowances
    ARTHUR JAMPOLSKY MD President
    40.00     		274,776 19,956 0
    2318 Fillmore Street
    San Francisco,CA94115
    David Guyton MD Board Member
    2.00     		0 0 0
    2318 Fillmore Street
    san Francisco,CA94115
    J Vernon Odom PhD Board Member
    2.00     		0 0 0
    2318 Fillmore Street
    san Francisco,CA94115
    John Brabyn PhD BOARD MEMBER/CEO
    40.00     		285,833 19,956 0
    2318 Fillmore Street
    san Francisco,CA94115
    Marilyn Miller MD Board Member
    2.00     		0 0 0
    2318 Fillmore Street
    san Francisco,CA94115
    martin Steinbach PhD Secretary/vice President
    2.00     		0 0 0
    2318 Fillmore Street
    san Francisco,CA94115
    Frederick John Elsas MD Board Member
    2.00     		0 0 0
    2318 Fillmore Street
    san Francisco,CA94115
    Gunilla Haegerstrom-Portnoy PHD Board Member
    2.00     		0 0 0
    2318 Fillmore Street
    san Francisco,CA94115
    Daniel Figueredo CPA Board Member
    2.00     		0 0 0
    2318 Fillmore Street
    san Francisco,CA94115
    2 Compensation of five highest-paid employees (other than those included on line 1—see instructions). If none, enter “NONE."
    (a) Name and address of each employee paid more than $50,000 (b) Title, and average
    hours per week
    devoted to position     		(c) Compensation (d) Contributions to
    employee benefit
    plans and deferred
    compensation     		(e) Expense account,
    other allowances
    STEPHEN HEINEN Scientist, Senior
    40.00     		181,500 13,618 0
    2318 Fillmore Street
    san Francisco,CA94115
    Corazon Devis Controller
    40.00     		142,690 10,672 0
    2318 Fillmore Street
    san Francisco,CA94115
    James Coughlan Scientist, senior
    40.00     		137,506 10,279 0
    2318 Fillmore Street
    San Francisco,CA94115
    William Good Scientist, Senior
    20.00     		129,881 9,700 0
    2318 Fillmore Street
    san Francisco,CA94115
    Joshua Miele Scientist
    40.00     		118,405 8,829 0
    2318 Fillmore Street
    san Francisco,CA94115
    Total number of other employees paid over $50,000...................bullet 0
    3 Five highest-paid independent contractors for professional services (see instructions). If none, enter "NONE".
    (a) Name and address of each person paid more than $50,000 (b) Type of service (c) Compensation
    Fusion Security Services Security 128,170
    42729 Mayfair Park Avenue
    Fremont,CA945384037
    Elizabeth Warner Publicity and Fundraising 69,253
    3425 SW Comus Street
    Portland,OR97219
    Pass Janitorial Service Inc Janitorial 59,760
    PO Box 1109
    South San Francisco,CA94080
    Total number of others receiving over $50,000 for professional services.............bullet0
    Part IX-A
    Summary of Direct Charitable Activities
    List the foundation’s four largest direct charitable activities during the tax year. Include relevant statistical information such as the number of organizations and other beneficiaries served, conferences convened, research papers produced, etc. Expenses
    1 Basic research regarding visual experience and the structure and function of the brain; stereoacuity and binocular correspondence; psychophysical investigations; computational analysis of phototransduction; the study of oculomotor systems and extraocular biomechanics; visual search and visual motion processing, and; research related to the study of smooth pursuit eye movements and the basic process of neuronal information coding in the brain. 1,286,985
    2 Clinical-pioneering techniques in the nonsurgical treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm. Research related to the selective removal of extraocular muscle. Investigation of the effect of botulinum human antitoxin on the nerve terminals of the eyelid to eliminate or reduce ptosis. Pediatric eye research and vision studies involving collaborations with clinicians and basic scientists in the development of treatments for early childhood eye diseases. seek to understand the ways in which brain function is modified by early visual experience in both normally and abnormally developing infants. 833,110
    3 REHABILITATIVE-DEPARMENT OF EDUCATION NIDRR DESIGNATED REHABILITATION ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER. DEVELOP & EVALUATE SENSORY AIDS FOR THE DEAF, BLIND, DEAF/BLIND AND SENSORY - IMPAIRED INDIVIDUALS. DEVELOPING EDUCATIONAL TOYS FOR BLIND CHILDREN, ROBOTIC FINGERSPELLING HAND AND METHODS OF COMPENSATING FOR ASYMMETRIES IN THE AUDITORY SYSTEM. LOW VISION RESEARCH RELATED TO OPTIMIZING CONDITIONS FOR READING UTILIZING THE NEAR PERIPHERY OF THE VISUAL FIELD & "ECCENTRIC VIEWING". 1,147,764
    4  
    Part IX-B
    Summary of Program-Related Investments (see instructions)
    Describe the two largest program-related investments made by the foundation during the tax year on lines 1 and 2. Amount
    1  
    2  
    All other program-related investments. See instructions.
    3  
    Total. Add lines 1 through 3.........................bullet0
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Page 8
    Part X
    Minimum Investment Return (All domestic foundations must complete this part. Foreign foundations,see instructions.)
    1
    Fair market value of assets not used (or held for use) directly in carrying out charitable, etc.,
    purposes:
    a
    Average monthly fair market value of securities...................
    1a
    23,713,684
    b
    Average of monthly cash balances.......................
    1b
    45,439
    c
    Fair market value of all other assets (see instructions)................
    1c
    0
    d
    Total (add lines 1a, b, and c).........................
    1d
    23,759,123
    e
    Reduction claimed for blockage or other factors reported on lines 1a and
    1c (attach detailed explanation) .............
    1e
    0
    2
    Acquisition indebtedness applicable to line 1 assets..................
    2
    0
    3
    Subtract line 2 from line 1d.........................
    3
    23,759,123
    4
    Cash deemed held for charitable activities. Enter 1 1/2% of line 3 (for greater amount, see
    instructions) .............................
    4
    356,387
    5
    Net value of noncharitable-use assets. Subtract line 4 from line 3. Enter here and on Part V, line 4
    5
    23,402,736
    6
    Minimum investment return. Enter 5% of line 5..................
    6
    1,170,137
    Part XI
    Distributable Amount bullet
    1
    Minimum investment return from Part X, line 6....................
    1
     
    2a
    Tax on investment income for 2015 from Part VI, line 5......
    2a
     
    b
    Income tax for 2015. (This does not include the tax from Part VI.)...
    2b
     
    c
    Add lines 2a and 2b............................
    2c
     
    3
    Distributable amount before adjustments. Subtract line 2c from line 1............
    3
     
    4
    Recoveries of amounts treated as qualifying distributions................
    4
     
    5
    Add lines 3 and 4............................
    5
     
    6
    Deduction from distributable amount (see instructions).................
    6
     
    7
    Distributable amount as adjusted. Subtract line 6 from line 5. Enter here and on Part XIII, line 1 ...
    7
     
    Part XII
    Qualifying Distributions (see instructions)
    1
    Amounts paid (including administrative expenses) to accomplish charitable, etc., purposes:
    a
    Expenses, contributions, gifts, etc.—total from Part I, column (d), line 26 ..........
    1a
    6,012,948
    b
    Program-related investments—total from Part IX-B..................
    1b
    0
    2
    Amounts paid to acquire assets used (or held for use) directly in carrying out charitable, etc.,
    purposes...............................
    2
     
    3
    Amounts set aside for specific charitable projects that satisfy the:
    a
    Suitability test (prior IRS approval required)....................
    3a
     
    b
    Cash distribution test (attach the required schedule) .................
    3b
     
    4
    Qualifying distributions. Add lines 1a through 3b. Enter here and on Part V, line 8, and Part XIII, line 4
    4
    6,012,948
    5
    Foundations that qualify under section 4940(e) for the reduced rate of tax on net investment
    income. Enter 1% of Part I, line 27b (see instructions).................
    5
    0
    6
    Adjusted qualifying distributions. Subtract line 5 from line 4..............
    6
    6,012,948
    Note: The amount on line 6 will be used in Part V, column (b), in subsequent years when calculating whether the foundation qualifies for
    the section 4940(e) reduction of tax in those years.
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Page 9
    Part XIII
    Undistributed Income (see instructions)
    (a)
    Corpus     		(b)
    Years prior to 2014     		(c)
    2014     		(d)
    2015
    1 Distributable amount for 2015 from Part XI, line 7  
    2 Undistributed income, if any, as of the end of 2015:
    a Enter amount for 2014 only.......  
    b Total for prior years:20, 20, 20  
    3 Excess distributions carryover, if any, to 2015:
    a From 2010......  
    b From 2011......  
    c From 2012......  
    d From 2013......  
    e From 2014......  
    fTotal of lines 3a through e........  
    4Qualifying distributions for 2015 from Part
    XII, line 4: bullet$  
    a Applied to 2014, but not more than line 2a  
    b Applied to undistributed income of prior years
    (Election required—see instructions).....     		 
    c Treated as distributions out of corpus (Election
    required—see instructions)........     		 
    d Applied to 2015 distributable amount.....  
    e Remaining amount distributed out of corpus  
    5 Excess distributions carryover applied to 2015.    
    (If an amount appears in column (d), the
    same amount must be shown in column (a).)
    6Enter the net total of each column as
    indicated below:
    a Corpus. Add lines 3f, 4c, and 4e. Subtract line 5  
    b Prior years’ undistributed income. Subtract
    line 4b from line 2b ..........     		 
    c Enter the amount of prior years’ undistributed
    income for which a notice of deficiency has
    been issued, or on which the section 4942(a)
    tax has been previously assessed......     		 
    d Subtract line 6c from line 6b. Taxable amount
    —see instructions ...........     		 
    e Undistributed income for 2014. Subtract line
    4a from line 2a. Taxable amount—see
    instructions .............     		 
    f Undistributed income for 2016. Subtract
    lines 4d and 5 from line 1. This amount must
    be distributed in 2015 ..........     		 
    7 Amounts treated as distributions out of
    corpus to satisfy requirements imposed by
    section 170(b)(1)(F) or 4942(g)(3) (Election may
    be required - see instructions) .......     		 
    8Excess distributions carryover from 2010 not
    applied on line 5 or line 7 (see instructions) ...     		 
    9Excess distributions carryover to 2016.
    Subtract lines 7 and 8 from line 6a ......     		 
    10 Analysis of line 9:
    a Excess from 2011....  
    b Excess from 2012....  
    c Excess from 2013....  
    d Excess from 2014....  
    e Excess from 2015....  
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Page 10
    Part XIV
    Private Operating Foundations (see instructions and Part VII-A, question 9)
    1a If the foundation has received a ruling or determination letter that it is a private operating
    foundation, and the ruling is effective for 2015, enter the date of the ruling.......bullet
    1966-06-01
    b Check box to indicate whether the organization is a private operating foundation described in section or
    2a Enter the lesser of the adjusted net
    income from Part I or the minimum
    investment return from Part X for each
    year listed ..........     		Tax year Prior 3 years (e) Total
    (a) 2015 (b) 2014 (c) 2013 (d) 2012
    834,414 554,365 534,099 673,989 2,596,867
    b 85% of line 2a ......... 709,252 471,210 453,984 572,891 2,207,337
    c Qualifying distributions from Part XII,
    line 4 for each year listed .....     		6,012,948 3,480,432 4,263,783 7,634,291 21,391,454
    d Amounts included in line 2c not used directly
    for active conduct of exempt activities ..........     		0 0 0 0 0
    e Qualifying distributions made directly
    for active conduct of exempt activities.
    Subtract line 2d from line 2c ....     		6,012,948 3,480,432 4,263,783 7,634,291 21,391,454
    3 Complete 3a, b, or c for the
    alternative test relied upon:
    a “Assets" alternative test—enter:
    (1) Value of all assets ......         0
    (2) Value of assets qualifying
    under section 4942(j)(3)(B)(i)    		         0
    b “Endowment" alternative test— enter 2/3
    of minimum investment return shown in
    Part X, line 6 for each year listed...     		780,091 858,324 864,010 871,470 3,373,895
    c “Support" alternative test—enter:
    (1) Total support other than gross
    investment income (interest,
    dividends, rents, payments
    on securities loans (section
    512(a)(5)), or royalties) ....     		        0
    (2) Support from general public
    and 5 or more exempt
    organizations as provided in
    section 4942(j)(3)(B)(iii)....     		        0
    (3) Largest amount of support
    from an exempt organization    		         0
    (4) Gross investment income         0
    Part XV
    Supplementary Information (Complete this part only if the organization had $5,000 or more in
    assets at any time during the year—see instructions.)
    1Information Regarding Foundation Managers:
    aList any managers of the foundation who have contributed more than 2% of the total contributions received by the foundation
    before the close of any tax year (but only if they have contributed more than $5,000). (See section 507(d)(2).)
    bList any managers of the foundation who own 10% or more of the stock of a corporation (or an equally large portion of the
    ownership of a partnership or other entity) of which the foundation has a 10% or greater interest.
    2Information Regarding Contribution, Grant, Gift, Loan, Scholarship, etc., Programs:
    Check here bullet
    aThe name, address, and telephone number or email address of the person to whom applications should be addressed:
    bThe form in which applications should be submitted and information and materials they should include:
    cAny submission deadlines:
    dAny restrictions or limitations on awards, such as by geographical areas, charitable fields, kinds of institutions, or other
    factors:
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Page 11
    Part XV
    Supplementary Information (continued)
    3 Grants and Contributions Paid During the Year or Approved for Future Payment
    Recipient If recipient is an individual,
    show any relationship to
    any foundation manager
    or substantial contributor
    		 Foundation
    status of
    recipient     		Purpose of grant or
    contribution     		Amount
    Name and address (home or business)
    aPaid during the year
    Total .................................bullet 3a 0
    bApproved for future payment
    Total .................................bullet 3b 0
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Page 12
    Part XVI-A
    Analysis of Income-Producing Activities
    Enter gross amounts unless otherwise indicated. Unrelated business income Excluded by section 512, 513, or 514 (e)
    Related or exempt
    function income
    (See instructions.)
    1Program service revenue: (a)
    Business code     		(b)
    Amount     		(c)
    Exclusion code     		(d)
    Amount
    aCONFERENCE, SYMPOSIUM LECTURE         17,000
    b
    c
    d
    e
    f
    gFees and contracts from government agencies          
    2 Membership dues and assessments....          
    3
    Interest on savings and temporary cash investments ...........     		         
    4 Dividends and interest from securities....     14 699,994  
    5 Net rental income or (loss) from real estate:
    aDebt-financed property......          
    bNot debt-financed property.....          
    6
    Net rental income or (loss) from personal property     		         
    7 Other investment income.....          
    8
    Gain or (loss) from sales of assets other than inventory ............     		        4,208,866
    9 Net income or (loss) from special events:          
    10 Gross profit or (loss) from sales of inventory..          
    11 Other revenue:
    aoTHER iNCOME     		        117,420
    b
    c
    d
    e
    12 Subtotal. Add columns (b), (d), and (e).. 0 699,994 4,343,286
    13Total. Add line 12, columns (b), (d), and (e)..................
    135,043,280
    (See worksheet in line 13 instructions to verify calculations.)
    Part XVI-B
    Relationship of Activities to the Accomplishment of Exempt Purposes
    Line No.
    DownArrow     		Explain below how each activity for which income is reported in column (e) of Part XVI-A contributed importantly to
    the accomplishment of the foundation’s exempt purposes (other than by providing funds for such purposes). (See
    instructions.)
    11A Other Income related to conference, symposiums, patient care & other vision research related sources.
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Page 13
    Part XVII
    Information Regarding Transfers To and Transactions and Relationships With Noncharitable Exempt Organizations
    1
    Did the organization directly or indirectly engage in any of the following with any other organization described in section 501(c) of the Code (other than section 501(c)(3) organizations) or in section 527, relating to political organizations?
    Yes
    No
    a
    Transfers from the reporting foundation to a noncharitable exempt organization of:
    (1) Cash...................................
    1a(1)
     
    No
    (2) Other assets.................................
    1a(2)
     
    No
    b
    Other transactions:
    (1) Sales of assets to a noncharitable exempt organization....................
    1b(1)
     
    No
    (2) Purchases of assets from a noncharitable exempt organization..................
    1b(2)
     
    No
    (3) Rental of facilities, equipment, or other assets.......................
    1b(3)
     
    No
    (4) Reimbursement arrangements...........................
    1b(4)
     
    No
    (5) Loans or loan guarantees.............................
    1b(5)
     
    No
    (6) Performance of services or membership or fundraising solicitations................
    1b(6)
     
    No
    c
    Sharing of facilities, equipment, mailing lists, other assets, or paid employees..............
    1c
     
    No
    d
    If the answer to any of the above is "Yes," complete the following schedule. Column (b) should always show the fair market value
    of the goods, other assets, or services given by the reporting foundation. If the foundation received less than fair market value
    in any transaction or sharing arrangement, show in column (d) the value of the goods, other assets, or services received.

    (a) Line No. (b) Amount involved (c) Name of noncharitable exempt organization (d) Description of transfers, transactions, and sharing arrangements
    2a
    Is the foundation directly or indirectly affiliated with, or related to, one or more tax-exempt organizations
    described in section 501(c) of the Code (other than section 501(c)(3)) or in section 527?...........
    b
    If "Yes," complete the following schedule.

    (a) Name of organization (b) Type of organization (c) Description of relationship
    Sign Here
    Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I have examined this return, including accompanying schedules and statements, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, it is true, correct, and complete. Declaration of preparer (other than taxpayer) is based on all information of which preparer has any knowledge.
    Bullet Bullet
    May the IRS discuss this return
    with the preparer shown below
    (see instr.)?
    Signature of officer or trustee Date Title
    Paid Preparer Use Only Print/Type preparer's name Preparer's Signature Date PTIN
    Firm's name SmallBullet
    		 Firm's EIN SmallBullet
    Firm's address SmallBullet


    		 Phone no.
    Form 990-PF (2015)
    Additional Data


    Software ID:  
    Software Version:  


    Form 990PF - Special Condition Description:
    Special Condition Description
    Schedule B
    (Form 990, 990-EZ,
    or 990-PF)
    Department of the Treasury
    Internal Revenue Service
    Schedule of Contributors
    Arrow Bullet Attach to Form 990, 990-EZ, or 990-PF.
    Arrow Bullet Information about Schedule B (Form 990, 990-EZ, or 990-PF) and its instructions is at www.irs.gov/form990.
    OMB No. 1545-0047
    2015
    Name of the organization
    The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research
    Institute
    Employer identification number

    94-6127237
    Organization type (check one):
    Filers of:
    Section:
    Form 990 or 990-EZ





    Form 990-PF




    Check if your organization is covered by the General Rule or a Special Rule.  
    Note. Only a section 501(c)(7), (8), or (10) organization can check boxes for both the General Rule and a Special Rule. See instructions.
    General Rule
    Special Rules
    ......... Arrow Bullet $  
    Caution. An organization that is not covered by the General Rule and/or the Special Rules does not file Schedule B (Form 990,
    990-EZ, or 990-PF), but it must answer “No” on Part IV, line 2, of its Form 990; or check the box on line H of its
    Form 990-EZ or on its Form 990PF, Part I, line 2, to certify that it does not meet the filing requirements of Schedule B (Form 990,
    990-EZ, or 990-PF).
    For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see the Instructions
    for Form 990, 990-EZ, or 990-PF.
    Cat. No. 30613XSchedule B (Form 990, 990-EZ, or 990-PF) (2015)
    Schedule B (Form 990, 990-EZ, or 990-PF) (2015) Page 2
    Name of organization
    The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research
    Institute         		Employer identification number
    94-6127237
    Part I
    Contributors (see instructions). Use duplicate copies of Part I if additional space is needed.
    (a)
    No.    		 (b)
    Name, address, and ZIP + 4    		 (c)
    Total contributions    		 (d)
    Type of contribution
    1
     
     

    John Mulderig  
    120 East 79th Street
     
    New York, NY10021

    		$ 12,500


    (Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
    (a)
    No.    		 (b)
    Name, address, and ZIP + 4    		 (c)
    Total contributions    		 (d)
    Type of contribution
    2
     
     

    facebook  
    1601 Willow Road
     
    Menlo Park, CA94025

    		$ 25,000


    (Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
    (a)
    No.    		 (b)
    Name, address, and ZIP + 4    		 (c)
    Total contributions    		 (d)
    Type of contribution
    3
     
     

    estate of louis C barber  
    7336 Players Club Drive
     
    Painesville, OH44077

    		$ 5,000


    (Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
    (a)
    No.    		 (b)
    Name, address, and ZIP + 4    		 (c)
    Total contributions    		 (d)
    Type of contribution
     
     
     

       
     
     

    		$  


    (Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
    (a)
    No.    		 (b)
    Name, address, and ZIP + 4    		 (c)
    Total contributions    		 (d)
    Type of contribution
     
     
     

       
     
     

    		$  


    (Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
    (a)
    No.    		 (b)
    Name, address, and ZIP + 4    		 (c)
    Total contributions    		 (d)
    Type of contribution
     
     
     

       
     
     

    		$  


    (Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
    Schedule B (Form 990, 990-EZ, or 990-PF) (2015)
    Schedule B (Form 990, 990-EZ, or 990-PF) (2015)
    Page 3
    Name of organization
    The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research
    Institute         		Employer identification number

    94-6127237
    Part II
    Noncash Property (see instructions). Use duplicate copies of Part II if additional space is needed.
    (a)
    No.from Part I    		 (b)
    Description of noncash property given    		 (c)
    FMV (or estimate)
    (see instructions)     		(d)
    Date received
     
    		$    
    (a)
    No.from Part I    		 (b)
    Description of noncash property given    		 (c)
    FMV (or estimate)
    (see instructions)     		(d)
    Date received
     
    		$    
    (a)
    No.from Part I    		 (b)
    Description of noncash property given    		 (c)
    FMV (or estimate)
    (see instructions)     		(d)
    Date received
     
    		$    
    (a)
    No.from Part I    		 (b)
    Description of noncash property given    		 (c)
    FMV (or estimate)
    (see instructions)     		(d)
    Date received
     
    		$    
    (a)
    No.from Part I    		 (b)
    Description of noncash property given    		 (c)
    FMV (or estimate)
    (see instructions)     		(d)
    Date received
     
    		$    
    (a)
    No.from Part I    		 (b)
    Description of noncash property given    		 (c)
    FMV (or estimate)
    (see instructions)     		(d)
    Date received
     
    		$    
    Schedule B (Form 990, 990-EZ, or 990-PF) (2015)
    Schedule B (Form 990, 990-EZ, or 990-PF) (2015)
    Page 4
    Name of organization
    The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research
    Institute         		Employer identification number

    94-6127237
    Part III
    Exclusively religious, charitable, etc., contributions to organizations described in section 501(c)(7), (8), or (10) that total more than $1,000 for the year from any one contributor. Complete columns (a) through (e) and the following line entry. For organizations completing Part III, enter the total of exclusively religious, charitable, etc., contributions of $1,000 or less for the year. (Enter this information once. See instructions.) Arrow Bullet$  
    Use duplicate copies of Part III if additional space is needed.
    (a)
    No.from Part I    		 (b) Purpose of gift (c) Use of gift (d) Description of how gift is held
     
    (e) Transfer of gift
    Transferee's name, address, and ZIP 4 Relationship of transferor to transferee
     
     
         
     
    (a)
    No.from Part I    		 (b) Purpose of gift (c) Use of gift (d) Description of how gift is held
     
    (e) Transfer of gift
    Transferee's name, address, and ZIP 4 Relationship of transferor to transferee
     
     
         
     
    (a)
    No.from Part I    		 (b) Purpose of gift (c) Use of gift (d) Description of how gift is held
     
    (e) Transfer of gift
    Transferee's name, address, and ZIP 4 Relationship of transferor to transferee
     
     
         
     
    (a)
    No.from Part I    		 (b) Purpose of gift (c) Use of gift (d) Description of how gift is held
     
    (e) Transfer of gift
    Transferee's name, address, and ZIP 4 Relationship of transferor to transferee
     
     
         
     
    Schedule B (Form 990, 990-EZ, or 990-PF) (2015)

    Additional Data


    Software ID:  
    Software Version:  

    TY 2015 AccountingFeesSchedule
    Name:
    The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research
     
    Institute
    EIN:
    94-6127237
    Category Amount Net Investment Income Adjusted Net Income Disbursements for Charitable Purposes
    Accounting Services 35,750 0 0 35,750

    Note: To capture the full content of this document, please select landscape mode (11" x 8.5") when printing.

    TY 2015 GainLossSaleOtherAssetsSch
    Name:
    The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research
     
    Institute
    EIN:
    94-6127237
    Name Date Acquired How Acquired Date Sold Purchaser Name Gross Sales Price Basis Basis Method Sales Expenses Total (net) Accumulated Depreciation
    various equipment   Purchased       372,627   0 -7,922 364,705

    TY 2015 InvestmentsCorpBondsSchedule
    Name:
    The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research
     
    Institute
    EIN:
    94-6127237
    Name of Bond End of Year Book Value End of Year Fair Market Value
    Fixed Income Securities 11,692,107 11,692,107

    TY 2015 InvestmentsCorpStockSchedule
    Name:
    The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research
     
    Institute
    EIN:
    94-6127237
    Name of Stock End of Year Book Value End of Year Fair Market Value
    Equity Securities 9,867,551 9,867,551

    TY 2015 LegalFeesSchedule
    Name:
    The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research
     
    Institute
    EIN:
    94-6127237
    Category Amount Net Investment Income Adjusted Net Income Disbursements for Charitable Purposes
    Legal Services 763 0 0 763


    TY 2015 OtherDecreasesSchedule
    Name:
    The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research
     
    Institute
    EIN:
    94-6127237
    Description Amount
    UNREALIZED LOSS ON INVESTMENTS 5,076,974


    TY 2015 OtherExpensesSchedule
    Name:
    The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research
     
    Institute
    EIN:
    94-6127237
    Description Revenue and Expenses per Books Net Investment Income Adjusted Net Income Disbursements for Charitable Purposes
    Dues and Subscriptions 34,171 0 0 34,171
    Insurance 121,178 0 0 121,178
    Investment Fees 85,847 85,847 0 0
    Other supplies 159,985 0 0 159,985
    Miscellaneous 17,070 0 0 17,070
    Recruiting 17,095 0 0 17,095
    Repairs & Maintenance 169,179 0 0 169,179
    Research & Office Supplies 119,002 0 0 119,002
    Telephone & Postage 31,780 0 0 31,780
    Trainee Stipends 162,508 0 0 162,508


    TY 2015 OtherIncomeSchedule2
    Name:
    The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research
     
    Institute
    EIN:
    94-6127237
    Description Revenue And Expenses Per Books Net Investment Income Adjusted Net Income
    CONFERENCE, SYMPOSIUM LECTURE 17,000   17,000
    oTHER iNCOME 117,420   117,420


    TY 2015 OtherLiabilitiesSchedule
    Name:
    The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research
     
    Institute
    EIN:
    94-6127237
    Description Beginning of Year - Book Value End of Year - Book Value
    Capital Lease Liability 0 13,675


    TY 2015 OtherProfessionalFeesSchedule
    Name:
    The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research
     
    Institute
    EIN:
    94-6127237
    Category Amount Net Investment Income Adjusted Net Income Disbursements for Charitable Purposes
    Consultants 311,126 0 0 311,126
    Outside Services 193,670 0 0 193,670