Attach to Form 990 or Form 990-EZ.
Go to
www.irs.gov/Form990 for the latest information.
| (i) Name of supported organization | (ii) EIN | (iii) Type of organization (described on lines 1- 10 above (see instructions)) | (iv) Is the organization listed in your governing document? | (v) Amount of monetary support (see instructions) | (vi) Amount of other support (see instructions) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||||
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Total |
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Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2014 | (b) 2015 | (c) 2016 | (d) 2017 | (e) 2018 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gifts, grants, contributions, and membership fees received. (Do not include any "unusual grant.") .. | ||||||
| 2 | Tax revenues levied for the organization's benefit and either paid to or expended on its behalf.... | ||||||
| 3 | The value of services or facilities furnished by a governmental unit to the organization without charge.. | ||||||
| 4 | Total. Add lines 1 through 3 | ||||||
| 5 | The portion of total contributions by each person (other than a governmental unit or publicly supported organization) included on line 1 that exceeds 2% of the amount shown on line 11, column (f).. | ||||||
| 6 | Public support. Subtract line 5 from line 4. | ||||||
Calendar year
(or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2014 | (b) 2015 | (c) 2016 | (d) 2017 | (e) 2018 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | Amounts from line 4.. | ||||||
| 8 | Gross income from interest, dividends, payments received on securities loans, rents, royalties and income from similar sources... | ||||||
| 9 | Net income from unrelated business activities, whether or not the business is regularly carried on.. | ||||||
| 10 | Other income. Do not include gain or loss from the sale of capital assets (Explain in Part VI.).. | ||||||
| 11 | Total support. Add lines 7 through 10 | ||||||
Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2014 | (b) 2015 | (c) 2016 | (d) 2017 | (e) 2018 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gifts, grants, contributions, and membership fees received. (Do not include any "unusual grants.") . | ||||||
| 2 | Gross receipts from admissions, merchandise sold or services performed, or facilities furnished in any activity that is related to the organization's tax-exempt purpose | ||||||
| 3 | Gross receipts from activities that are not an unrelated trade or business under section 513 ..... | ||||||
| 4 | Tax revenues levied for the organization's benefit and either paid to or expended on its behalf... | ||||||
| 5 | The value of services or facilities furnished by a governmental unit to the organization without charge | ||||||
| 6 | Total. Add lines 1 through 5 | ||||||
| 7a | Amounts included on lines 1, 2, and 3 received from disqualified persons | ||||||
| b | Amounts included on lines 2 and 3 received from other than disqualified persons that exceed the greater of $5,000 or 1% of the amount on line 13 for the year. | ||||||
| c | Add lines 7a and 7b.. | ||||||
| 8 | Public support. (Subtract line 7c from line 6.) | ||||||
Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2014 | (b) 2015 | (c) 2016 | (d) 2017 | (e) 2018 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | Amounts from line 6... | ||||||
| 10a | Gross income from interest, dividends, payments received on securities loans, rents, royalties and income from similar sources.. | ||||||
| b | Unrelated business taxable income (less section 511 taxes) from businesses acquired after June 30, 1975. | ||||||
| c | Add lines 10a and 10b. | ||||||
| 11 | Net income from unrelated business activities not included in line 10b, whether or not the business is regularly carried on. | ||||||
| 12 | Other income. Do not include gain or loss from the sale of capital assets (Explain in Part VI.) .. | ||||||
| 13 | Total support. (Add lines 9, 10c, 11, and 12.).. | ||||||
| Section A - Adjusted Net Income | (A) Prior Year |
(B) Current Year (optional) |
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| 1 | Net short-term capital gain | 1 | ||||
| 2 | Recoveries of prior-year distributions | 2 | ||||
| 3 | Other gross income (see instructions) | 3 | ||||
| 4 | Add lines 1 through 3 | 4 | ||||
| 5 | Depreciation and depletion | 5 | ||||
| 6 | Portion of operating expenses paid or incurred for production or collection of gross income or for management, conservation, or maintenance of property held for production of income (see instructions) | 6 | ||||
| 7 | Other expenses (see instructions) | 7 | ||||
| 8 | Adjusted Net Income (subtract lines 5, 6 and 7 from line 4) | 8 | ||||
| Section B - Minimum Asset Amount | (A) Prior Year |
(B) Current Year (optional) |
||||
| 1 | Aggregate fair market value of all non-exempt-use assets (see instructions for short tax year or assets held for part of year): | 1 | ||||
| a | Average monthly value of securities | 1a | ||||
| b | Average monthly cash balances | 1b | ||||
| c | Fair market value of other non-exempt-use assets | 1c | ||||
| d | Total (add lines 1a, 1b, and 1c) | 1d | ||||
| e |
Discount claimed for blockage or other factors (explain in detail in Part VI): |
|||||
| 2 | Acquisition indebtedness applicable to non-exempt use assets | 2 | ||||
| 3 | Subtract line 2 from line 1d | 3 | ||||
| 4 | Cash deemed held for exempt use. Enter 1-1/2% of line 3 (for greater amount, see instructions). | 4 | ||||
| 5 | Net value of non-exempt-use assets (subtract line 4 from line 3) | 5 | ||||
| 6 | Multiply line 5 by .035 | 6 | ||||
| 7 | Recoveries of prior-year distributions | 7 | ||||
| 8 | Minimum Asset Amount (add line 7 to line 6) | 8 | ||||
| Section C - Distributable Amount | Current Year | |||||
| 1 | Adjusted net income for prior year (from Section A, line 8, Column A) | 1 | ||||
| 2 | Enter 85% of line 1 | 2 | ||||
| 3 | Minimum asset amount for prior year (from Section B, line 8, Column A) | 3 | ||||
| 4 | Enter greater of line 2 or line 3 | 4 | ||||
| 5 | Income tax imposed in prior year | 5 | ||||
| 6 | Distributable Amount. Subtract line 5 from line 4, unless subject to emergency temporary reduction (see instructions) | 6 | ||||
| Section D - Distributions | Current Year | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Amounts paid to supported organizations to accomplish exempt purposes | ||
|
2
Amounts paid to perform activity that directly furthers exempt purposes of supported organizations, in excess of income from activity |
||
| 3 Administrative expenses paid to accomplish exempt purposes of supported organizations | ||
| 4 Amounts paid to acquire exempt-use assets | ||
| 5 Qualified set-aside amounts (prior IRS approval required) | ||
| 6 Other distributions (describe in Part VI). See instructions | ||
| 7Total annual distributions. Add lines 1 through 6. | ||
|
8
Distributions to attentive supported organizations to which the organization is responsive (provide details in Part VI). See instructions |
||
| 9 Distributable amount for 2018 from Section C, line 6 | ||
| 10 Line 8 amount divided by Line 9 amount | ||
| Section E - Distribution Allocations (see instructions) |
(i) Excess Distributions |
(ii) Underdistributions Pre-2018 |
(iii) Distributable Amount for 2018 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1
Distributable amount for 2018 from Section C, line 6 |
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|
2
Underdistributions, if any, for years prior to 2018 (reasonable cause required-- explain in Part VI). See instructions. |
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| 3 Excess distributions carryover, if any, to 2018: | ||||
| a From 2013....... | ||||
| b From 2014....... | ||||
| c From 2015....... | ||||
| d From 2016....... | ||||
| e From 2017....... | ||||
| fTotal of lines 3a through e | ||||
| g Applied to underdistributions of prior years | ||||
| h Applied to 2018 distributable amount | ||||
|
i
Carryover from 2013 not applied (see instructions) |
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| j Remainder. Subtract lines 3g, 3h, and 3i from 3f. | ||||
| 4Distributions for 2018 from Section D, line 7: | ||||
| $ | ||||
| a Applied to underdistributions of prior years | ||||
| b Applied to 2018 distributable amount | ||||
| c Remainder. Subtract lines 4a and 4b from 4. | ||||
|
5
Remaining underdistributions for years prior to 2018, if any. Subtract lines 3g and 4a from line 2. If the amount is greater than zero, explain in Part VI. See instructions. |
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|
6
Remaining underdistributions for 2018. Subtract lines 3h and 4b from line 1. If the amount is greater than zero, explain in Part VI. See instructions. |
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|
7 Excess distributions carryover to 2019. Add lines 3j and 4c. |
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| 8 Breakdown of line 7: | ||||
| a Excess from 2014...... | ||||
| b Excess from 2015..... | ||||
| c Excess from 2016..... | ||||
| d Excess from 2017..... | ||||
| e Excess from 2018..... | ||||
| Facts And Circumstances Test |
|---|
| Return Reference | Explanation |
|---|---|
| PART I, LINE 4 | COOPERATION AGREEMENTS AND COLLABORATIONS IN 2018, STOWERS INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH ("SIMR") SCIENTISTS COLLABORATED WITH RESEARCHERS AT MORE THAN 100 NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND MORE THAN 40 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS INCLUDING DOZENS OF HOSPITALS, MEDICAL CENTERS, AND MEDICAL SCHOOLS. MANY OF THESE COLLABORATIONS RESULTED IN DISCOVERIES THAT MERITED PUBLICATION IN LEADING PEER-REVIEWED SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS AND/OR SUCCESSFULLY FUNDED GRANT AWARDS. SIMR CONDUCTS MEDICAL RESEARCH IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS ("KU") AND ITS AFFILIATES THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS HOSPITAL AUTHORITY AND THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS MEDICAL CENTER (KUMC), PURSUANT TO A WRITTEN MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING. KUMC IS THE ACADEMIC HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER OF THE LARGEST PUBLIC RESEARCH UNIVERSITY IN THE STATE OF KANSAS. KUMC OFFERS PROGRAMS AND SERVICES THAT FOCUS ON EDUCATION, RESEARCH, PATIENT CARE, AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT. AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018, FIVE KUMC STUDENTS HAVE RECEIVED M.S. DEGREES AND 43 KUMC STUDENTS HAVE RECEIVED PH.D. DEGREES FOR THESIS WORK PERFORMED IN SIMR'S LABS. KUMC IS AFFILIATED WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS HOSPITAL, A NONPROFIT INDEPENDENT HOSPITAL CO-LOCATED WITH THE MAIN KUMC CAMPUS IN KANSAS CITY, KS. IN 2018, TWENTY-TWO SIMR RESEARCH PROGRAM LEADERS WERE ADJUNCT FACULTY IN FOUR KUMC DEPARTMENTS. THESE APPOINTMENTS INCLUDED 12 FULL PROFESSORS, SIX ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS, AND FOUR ASSISTANT PROFESSORS. IN 2018, 52 OF SIMR'S 65 ORIGINAL RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS INCLUDED BOTH SIMR AND KUMC AFFILIATIONS. ABOUT 15 KUMC STUDENTS PERFORMED PREDOCTORAL RESEARCH IN SIMR LABS IN 2018. SIMR IS ALSO A CONSORTIUM MEMBER OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS CANCER CENTER AT KUMC, A CANCER RESEARCH AND CARE PARTNERSHIP SPANNING TWO STATES AND INVOLVING COLLABORATION AMONG RESEARCHERS, PHYSICIANS, AND CANCER SUPPORT PROFESSIONALS IN BASIC, TRANSLATIONAL, AND CLINICAL RESEARCH AREAS. IN JUNE 2012, THE NIH'S NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE (NCI) NAMED THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS CANCER CENTER AS A NCI-DESIGNATED CANCER CENTER. THE NCI CANCER CENTERS PROGRAM IS A PILLAR OF FEDERAL CANCER RESEARCH EFFORTS AND INTEGRAL TO THE NCI'S PROGRAMS FOR STUDYING, TREATING, AND PREVENTING CANCER. IN KUMC'S APPLICATION TO THE NCI CANCER CENTERS PROGRAM, $4 MILLION OF THE $48 MILLION IN GRANTS CITED IN THE APPLICATION WERE GRANTS THAT HAD BEEN AWARDED TO SIMR INVESTIGATORS. IN 2018, 14 SIMR RESEARCH PROGRAM LEADERS WERE MEMBERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS CANCER CENTER'S CANCER BIOLOGY RESEARCH PROGRAM, INCLUDING LINHENG LI, PH.D., WHO SERVES AS CO-LEADER OF THE PROGRAM. IN 2018, SIMR RESEARCH PROGRAM LEADER PAUL KULESA, PH.D., CONTINUED A RESEARCH COLLABORATION WITH DANNY WELCH, PH.D., PROFESSOR AND CHAIR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CANCER BIOLOGY AT KUMC AND ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS CANCER CENTER. THE COLLABORATION FOCUSES ON UNDERSTANDING MECHANISMS THAT UNDERLIE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROBLASTOMA. DR. WELCH IS AN ACCOMPLISHED RESEARCHER IN THE AREA OF TUMOR PROGRESSION AND UNDERLYING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CONTROLS. THIS RESEARCH COLLABORATION, SUPPORTED IN PART BY A NIH GRANT FROM THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE, HAS RESULTED IN ORIGINAL RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS INCLUDING KASEMESIER-KULESA JC ET AL, 2018. IN 2018, SIMR RESEARCH PROGRAM LEADER MICHAEL WASHBURN, PH.D., CONTINUED A RESEARCH PROJECT IN COLLABORATION WITH ROY JENSEN, M.D., DIRECTOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS CANCER CENTER. THE OVERALL AIM OF THIS RESEARCH EFFORT IS TO DETERMINE HOW CANCER THERAPEUTICS ACT ON PROTEIN NETWORKS IN CELLS AND TISSUES. DR. JENSEN IS A WORLD-RENOWNED EXPERT ON BREAST CANCER AND HOLDS ADDITIONAL POSITIONS AS DIRECTOR, KANSAS MASONIC CANCER RESEARCH INSTITUTE, WILLIAM R. JEWELL DISTINGUISHED KANSAS MASONIC PROFESSOR, AND PROFESSOR OF PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE, ANATOMY AND CELL BIOLOGY, CANCER BIOLOGY, AND MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES AT KUMC. THE PROJECT AIMS TO FURTHER EXPLORE THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), WHICH IS USED AS CHEMOTHERAPY FOR CERTAIN LYMPHOMAS AND IS BEING EVALUATED IN CLINICAL TRIALS FOR OTHER CANCERS. RECENT REPORTS SUGGEST THAT SAHA HAS ADDITIONAL EFFECTS THAT INVOLVE PROTEIN NETWORKS MORE BROADLY, THUS SUGGESTING OTHER POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF ACTION. RESULTS FROM THIS JOINT RESEARCH EFFORT MAY ENABLE THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE SPECIFIC AND EFFECTIVE HUMAN THERAPEUTICS. THIS PROJECT, SUPPORTED IN PART BY A NIH GRANT FROM THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF GENERAL MEDICAL SCIENCES, HAS RESULTED IN ORIGINAL RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS INCLUDING BANKS CAS ET AL, SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 2018, AND BANKS CAS ET AL, MOLECULAR & CELLULAR PROTEOMICS, 2018. IN 2018, SIMR RESEARCH PROGRAM LEADER LINHENG LI, PH.D., CONTINUED A COLLABORATION WITH UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS CANCER CENTER AND CHILDREN'S MERCY HOSPITAL, KANSAS CITY, MO, TO INVESTIGATE APPROACHES TO TREAT LEUKEMIA. THIS RESEARCH FOCUSES ON TARGETING CANCER STEM CELLS TO HELP REDUCE THE RECURRENCE OF CANCER AFTER A PATIENT GOES INTO REMISSION. THE COLLABORATION BUILDS ON FOUNDATIONAL RESEARCH FROM THE LI LAB THAT HAS CHARACTERIZED CANCER STEM CELLS AT MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR LEVELS. KUMC IS THE SPONSOR OF A RELATED CLINICAL RESEARCH STUDY, "LOW-DOSE DAUNORUBICIN IN PATIENTS WITH RELAPSED/REFRACTORY ACUTE LEUKEMIA," WHICH IS DESIGNED TO ASSESS THE FEASIBILITY AND TOLERABILITY OF ADMINISTERING A LOW DOSE OF THE DRUG TO PATIENTS WITH RELAPSED OR REFRACTORY ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) OR ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL), AND TO OBTAIN PRELIMINARY DATA ON THE DRUG ENGAGING ITS TARGET. SIMR PARTICIPATED IN COLLABORATIONS CONDUCTING RESEARCH IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE FOLLOWING US HOSPITALS, PURSUANT TO AN UNDERSTANDING TO MAINTAIN CONTINUING CLOSE COOPERATION IN THE ACTIVE CONDUCT OF MEDICAL RESEARCH IN 2018: INSTITUTION LOCATION ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE NEW YORK, NY BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE HOUSTON, TX BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE BOSTON, MA CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA PHILADELPHIA, PA CHILDREN'S MERCY HOSPITAL KANSAS CITY, MO CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER CINCINNATI, OH DAVID GEFFEN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT UCLA LOS ANGELES, CA FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER RESEARCH CENTER SEATTLE, WA HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL BOSTON, MA JOHNS HOPKINS SCHOOL OF MEDICINE BALTIMORE, MD KECK SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT USC LOS ANGELES, CA LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER NEW ORLEANS, LA MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL BOSTON, MA MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER NEW YORK, NY MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL NEW YORK, NY NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE NEW YORK, NY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY FEINBERG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE CHICAGO, IL OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE PORTLAND, OR PERLMUTTER CANCER CENTER NEW YORK, NY SEATTLE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL SEATTLE, WA ST JUDE CHILDREN'S RESEARCH HOSPITAL MEMPHIS, TN STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE PALO ALTO, CA UCSF BENIOFF CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL SAN FRANCISCO, CA UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES LITTLE ROCK, AR UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS SCHOOL OF MEDICINE DAVIS, CA UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN FRANCISCO SAN FRANCISCO, CA UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE CINCINNATI, OH UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE GAINESVILLE, FL UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS CANCER CENTER KANSAS CITY, KS UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS MEDICAL CENTER KANSAS CITY, KS UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY MARKEY CANCER CENTER LEXINGTON, KY UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL WORCESTER, MA UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER OMAHA, NE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA LINEBERGER COMPREHENSIVE CANCER CENTER CHAPEL HILL, NC UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PERELMAN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE PHILADELPHIA, PA UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH CANCER INSTITUTE PITTSBURGH, PA UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE PITTSBURGH, PA UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER MEDICAL CENTER ROCHESTER, NY UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER SAN ANTONIO, TX UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER HOUSTON, TX UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE SEATTLE, WA TO CARRY OUT THE RESEARCH DESCRIBED IN THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES, SIMR AND HOSPITAL, MEDICAL CENTER, OR MEDICAL SCHOOL ENTERED INTO A COOPERATION AGREEMENT PURSUANT TO WHICH THEY AGREED TO ESTABLISH, DEVELOP, ADMINISTER, AND MAINTAIN CONTINUING CLOSE COOPERATION IN THE ACTIVE CONDUCT OF MEDICAL RESEARCH, INCLUDING THROUGH SPECIFIC COOPERATIVE EFFORTS IN THE AREAS OF RESEARCH, SHARING OF INFORMATION, PURSUANT OF JOINT GRANTS, INTERACTION OF STAFF, ADJUNCT/JOINT APPOINTMENTS, AND SHARING OF FACILITIES. IN ORDER TO ASSURE THE SUCCESS OF THEIR COOPERATIVE RELATIONSHIP, EACH AGREED TO ENGAGE IN EFFECTIVE, COORDINATED AND ONGOING PLANNING, OVERSIGHT, AND COMMUNICATION, AND TO COMMIT THE NECESSARY RESOURCES, BOTH HUMAN AND MONETARY, TO SUPPORT, FACILITATE, AND PROMOTE THE COOPERATION. |
| JOINT MEDICAL RESEARCH ON THE CHARACTERIZATION OF INTESTINAL STEM CELLS - | THE LI LAB PERFORMED JOINT MEDICAL RESEARCH ON THE CHARACTERIZATION OF INTESTINAL STEM CELLS WITH COLLABORATORS AT CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER, DAVID GEFFEN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT UCLA, OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, AND UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH CANCER INSTITUTE. INTESTINAL DISEASES RANGING FROM CROHN'S DISEASE TO COLITIS TO CANCER MAY BENEFIT FROM INTESTINAL STEM CELL THERAPIES. THIS RESEARCH ADVANCES THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE BIOLOGY OF STEM CELLS THAT RESIDE IN THE INTESTINE AND EXPLORES HOW THEY CAN BE USED TO TREAT AND CURE INTESTINAL DISEASES. THIS ONGOING RESEARCH COLLABORATION, SUPPORTED IN PART BY A NIH GRANT AWARDED BY THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES, HAS GENERATED FINDINGS THAT HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN ORIGINAL RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS INCLUDING GORETSKY T ET AL, 2018. JOINT MEDICAL RESEARCH ON ORIGINS OF AND TREATMENT FOR OROFACIAL CLEFTING - THE TRAINOR LAB PERFORMED JOINT MEDICAL RESEARCH ON CLEFTING OF THE MOUTH AND FACE WITH COLLABORATORS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. OROFACIAL CLEFTS ARE AMONG THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF BIRTH DEFECTS. MUTATIONS IN THE PAK1IP1 GENE ARE KNOWN TO CAUSE OROFACIAL CLEFTING AND PAK1IP1 MUTANT MOUSE MODELS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED. THIS PROJECT INVESTIGATES THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ETIOLOGY OF OROFACIAL CLEFTING IN THE MOUSE MODELS WHICH MAY LEAD TO NEW APPROACHES FOR THERAPY AND GENETIC TESTING IN HUMANS. THIS RESEARCH IS SUPPORTED IN PART BY A NIH GRANT FROM THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DENTAL AND CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH. JOINT MEDICAL RESEARCH ON MECHANISMS OF NEURODEGENERATIVE AMYLOID DISEASES - THE SI LAB PERFORMED JOINT MEDICAL RESEARCH ON THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF AMYLOIDS WITH COLLABORATORS AT THE KECK SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT USC. AMYLOID FIBRILS ARE FOUND IN MANY NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES BUT THEIR MECHANISM OF TOXICITY IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. AN INCREASING NUMBER OF NONTOXIC, FUNCTIONAL AMYLOIDS HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED, INCLUDING PROTEINS THAT ARE IMPORTANT FOR NEURONAL GROWTH AND LONG-TERM MEMORY. DETERMINING THE STRUCTURE OF FUNCTIONAL AMYLOIDS AND HOW THEIR AGGREGATION IS REGULATED PROVIDES A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF TOXIC AMYLOIDS AND MAY REVEAL NEW APPROACHES TO TREATING NEURODEGENERATIVE AMYLOID DISEASES. THIS ONGOING COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH IS SUPPORTED IN PART BY A NIH GRANT FROM THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF GENERAL MEDICAL SCIENCES. OTHER US COLLABORATORS INCLUDED ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, BENAROYA RESEARCH INSTITUTE, BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY-IDAHO, CENTER FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASE RESEARCH SEATTLE, CENTRE COLLEGE, CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S RESEARCH FOUNDATION, COLLEGE OF WOOSTER, COLUMBIA RIVER INTER-TRIBAL FISH COMMISSION, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, DAVIDSON COLLEGE, DUKE UNIVERSITY MARGOLIS CENTER FOR HEALTH POLICY, FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY, FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY, HARVARD STEM CELL INSTITUTE, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE, INDIANA UNIVERSITY, INSTITUTE FOR SYSTEMS BIOLOGY, IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, JANELIA RESEARCH CAMPUS OF THE HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, MARIST COLLEGE, MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MCDONNELL GENOME INSTITUTE, MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM, MONELL CHEMICAL SENSES CENTER, NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY, ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY, SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, SHAWNEE STATE UNIVERSITY, SOUTHEASTERN LOUISIANA UNIVERSITY, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, THE JACKSON LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IRVINE, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MERCED, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA GAINESVILLE, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY, UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI, UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-KANSAS CITY, UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF UTAH, UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, AND WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST LOUIS. SIMR COLLABORATED WITH THE FOLLOWING INTERNATIONAL HOSPITALS, MEDICAL CENTERS, AND MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN 2018: FIRST AFFILIATED HOSPITAL AT SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY, GUANGZHOU, CHINA; FIRST AFFILIATED HOSPITAL AT ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, HANGZHOU, CHINA; LAURENTIAN UNIVERSITY NORTHERN ONTARIO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, SUDBURY, ONTARIO, CANADA; NANJING MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHINA; SHANGHAI GENERAL HOSPITAL; SHANGHAI JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, CHINA; SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, GUANGZHOU, CHINA; AND TIANJIN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF BASIC MEDICINE, CHINA. OTHER INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATORS INCLUDED CARDIFF UNIVERSITY, CATHAYS, UK; NACIONAL DO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLOGICO, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL; DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY, HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA; DOSHISHA UNIVERSITY, KYOTO, JAPAN; EUROPEAN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LABORATORY, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY; FEDERICO II UNIVERSITY, NAPLES, ITALY; FRANCIS CRICK INSTITUTE, LONDON, UK; GGS INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY, NEW DELHI, INDIA; HEBREW UNIVERSITY, JERUSALEM, ISRAEL; HEIDELBERG UNIVERSITY, GERMANY; INSTITUCIO CATALANA DE RECERCA I ESTUDIS AVANCATS, BARCELONA, SPAIN; INSTITUT PASTEUR, PARIS, FRANCE; INSTITUTE FOR MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, MAINZ, GERMANY; INSTITUTO DE BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR DE BARCELONA, SPAIN; INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACION EN BIOMEDICINA DE BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA; INSTITUTO BUTANTAN, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL; JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY, MAINZ, GERMANY; KYOTO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN; LAURENTIAN UNIVERSITY, SUDBURY, ONTARIO, CANADA; LIFE SCIENCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA; MCMASTER UNIVERSITY, HAMILTON, ONTARIO, CANADA; NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA; OSAKA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN; RUDJER BOSKOVIC INSTITUTE, ZAGREB, CROATIA; SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY, GUANGZHOU, CHINA; TATA INSTITUTE FOR FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH, HYDERABAD, INDIA; TELETHON INSTITUTE OF GENETICS AND MEDICINE, NAPLES, ITALY; UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL, BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA; UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE MEXICO, COYOACAN, MEXICO; UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE MEXICO, PUERTO MORALES, MEXICO; UNIVERSIDADE DE SAO PAULO, BRAZIL; UNIVERSITAT POMPEU FABRA, BARCELONA, SPAIN; UNIVERSITE PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE, PARIS, FRANCE; UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND; UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA; UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH, UK; UNIVERSITY OF MODENA AND REGGIO EMILIA, ITALY; UNIVERSITY OF OSLO, NORWAY; UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO, DUNEDIN, NEW ZEALAND; UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, UK; UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO, CHIBA, JAPAN; UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA; UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK, COVENTRY, UK; WUHAN UNIVERSITY, HUBEI, CHINA; AND ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY, HANGZHOU, CHINA. |
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Attach to Form 990 or 990-EZ.
Go to www.irs.gov/Form990 for the latest information.
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| FORM 990, PART III, LINE 1: | THE STOWERS INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH PERFORMS MEDICAL RESEARCH IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST WITH THE GOAL OF EXPANDING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES IN LIVING CELLS AND IMPROVING LIFE'S QUALITY THROUGH INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO THE CAUSES, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION OF DISEASE. FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4: SIMR'S ACCOMPLISHMENTS ARE DESCRIBED AT END OF SCHEDULE O. FORM 990, PART VI, LINE 2: VIRGINIA G. STOWERS, JONATHAN THOMAS, RICHARD W. BROWN, DAVID A. WELTE, DAVID M. CHAO, AND ALBERZINE FREEMAN, ALL DIRECTORS OF SIMR, HAVE A BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP. JONATHAN THOMAS, RICHARD W. BROWN, WILLIAM B. NEAVES, DAVID A. WELTE, DAVID M. CHAO, RODERICK L. STURGEON, AND ALBERZINE FREEMAN, DIRECTORS OF SIMR, AND BRENT KREIDER, OFFICER OF SIMR, HAVE A BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP. DAVID A. WELTE, RICHARD W. BROWN, RODERICK L. STURGEON, AND ALBERZINE FREEMAN, DIRECTORS OF SIMR, AND BRENT KREIDER, OFFICER OF SIMR, HAVE A BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP. FORM 990, PART VI, LINE 11B: THE DATA AND INFORMATION NECESSARY TO PREPARE SIMR'S FORM 990 WAS COMPILED BY SIMR'S ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT AND THEN REVIEWED BY OUR TAX ATTORNEY AT BRYAN CAVE LEIGHTON PAISNER, LLP. PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS ("PWC"), OUR EXTERNAL TAX PREPARERS, USE THIS INFORMATION TO PREPARE THE FORM 990. THE COMPLETED FORM 990, INCLUDING REQUIRED SCHEDULES, IS REVIEWED BY THE OFFICERS OF SIMR BEFORE IT IS FILED WITH THE IRS. AFTER THE PREPARATION AND REVIEW PROCESS DESCRIBED ABOVE, THE FORM 990, INCLUDING REQUIRED SCHEDULES, IS PROVIDED TO EACH VOTING MEMBER OF THE ORGANIZATION'S BOARD BEFORE IT IS FILED WITH THE IRS. FORM 990, PART VI, LINE 12C: SIMR HAS ADOPTED A "CONFLICTS OF INTEREST AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE POLICY". EACH DIRECTOR, OFFICER, AND OTHER PERSON WHO IS IN A POSITION TO EXERCISE SUBSTANTIAL INFLUENCE OVER DECISIONS OF SIMR (EACH, A "COVERED PERSON") ARE REQUIRED TO ANNUALLY COMPLETE AND SIGN A DISCLOSURE STATEMENT THAT IS PART OF THE POLICY. ALSO, A COVERED PERSON MUST DISCLOSE THE EXISTENCE OF A POTENTIAL CONFLICT AND ALL MATERIAL FACTS TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OR GOVERNANCE COMMITTEE AS SOON AS THE PERSON HAS KNOWLEDGE THAT A POTENTIAL CONFLICT MIGHT EXIST. PER THE POLICY, THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OR GOVERNANCE COMMITTEE THEN REVIEWS THE DISCLOSURE TO DETERMINE WHETHER A CONFLICT EXISTS. AFTER THE COVERED PERSON MAKES THE RELEVANT DISCLOSURE, THEY ARE RECUSED AND MAY NOT PARTICIPATE IN THE DELIBERATIONS AND DECISIONS REGARDING THE TRANSACTION. SIMR ALSO CONDUCTS PERIODIC AND ADHOC REVIEWS OF TRANSACTIONS AND AGREEMENTS TO ENSURE THAT IT DOES NOT ENGAGE IN ACTIVITIES THAT ARE NOT CONSISTENT WITH ITS TAX-EXEMPT PURPOSE. FORM 990, PART VI, LINES 15A: THE COMPENSATION FOR DAVID CHAO, THE PRESIDENT AND CEO OF SIMR, WAS ESTABLISHED PURSUANT TO THE PROCEDURES OF TREAS. REG. SECTION 53.4958-6, INCLUDING (1) REVIEW AND APPROVAL BY SIMR'S COMPENSATION COMMITTEE COMPRISED OF INDEPENDENT PERSONS, (2) RELYING ON COMPARABILITY DATA, INCLUDING DATA PREPARED BY A NATIONALLY KNOWN COMPENSATION CONSULTANT REGARDING COMPARABLE SALARY AND BENEFITS FOR SIMILARLY QUALIFIED PERSONS IN FUNCTIONALLY COMPARABLE POSITIONS AT SIMILARLY SITUATED ORGANIZATIONS, AND (3) CONTEMPORANEOUS DOCUMENTATION AND RECORD KEEPING OF THE DELIBERATION AND DECISIONS REGARDING THE COMPENSATION ARRANGEMENT. THIS PROCESS WAS LAST UNDERTAKEN IN 2016. FORM 990, PART VI, LINE 19: SIMR'S GOVERNING DOCUMENTS, CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY, AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ARE AVAILABLE ON REQUEST. FORM 990, PART VII, SECTION A, COLUMN B: DAVID M. CHAO, OFFICER OF SIMR, AND R. SCOTT HAWLEY, EMPLOYEE OF SIMR, ALSO PERFORM SUPPORT SERVICES FOR ONE OR MORE OF THE RELATED ORGANIZATIONS DISCLOSED IN SCHEDULE R. THESE SERVICES ARE PERFORMED IN THEIR ROLE AS SIMR EMPLOYEES AND SIMR IS REIMBURSED BY THE RELATED ORGANIZATIONS. FORM 990, PART VII, SECTION B: SIMR RECEIVES INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT SERVICES FROM AMERICAN CENTURY INVESTMENTS (ACI). ACI IS A WHOLLY OWNED SUBSIDIARY OF AMERICAN CENTURY COMPANIES, INC. (ACCI). IN SELECTING ACI TO MANAGE ITS LIQUID INVESTMENTS, SIMR NOT ONLY SELECTED A HIGH QUALITY MUTUAL FUND COMPANY WITH AN OUTSTANDING TRACK RECORD, BUT ALSO PLACED ITS LIQUID INVESTMENTS IN A COMPANY IN WHICH IT OWNS STOCK AND RECEIVES DIVIDENDS. SIMR PAYS ACI THE SAME ADMINISTRATIVE FEES FOR THESE SERVICES AS ANY ARMS-LENGTH INVESTOR. THOSE INVESTMENT FEES FOR A SHARED INVESTMENT POOL ARE PAID BY ITS SUPPORTING ORGANIZATION, SRM. FORM 990, PART XI, LINE 9: OTHER CHANGES IN NET ASSETS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: CHANGE IN ANNUITY RECEIVABLE, NET (262,565) |
| FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4a | 2018 PROGRAM SERVICE ACCOMPLISHMENTS THE STOWERS INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH ("SIMR") IS A PRIVATE, NONPROFIT MEDICAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATION. SIMR WAS FOUNDED IN 1994 BY JIM AND VIRGINIA STOWERS, WHO EACH SURVIVED A BOUT WITH CANCER AND SUBSEQUENTLY DEDICATED THEIR FORTUNE TO SUPPORTING BASIC RESEARCH IN CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY THAT WILL PROVIDE LONG-TERM SOLUTIONS TO HUMAN DISEASES. SIMR CONDUCTS BASIC BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST THAT WILL ULTIMATELY PROVIDE A GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF THE GENES AND PROTEINS THAT CONTROL HOW CELLS IN OUR BODIES MULTIPLY, FORM TISSUES, AND DIE. STUDYING THE BASIC BIOLOGY OF CELLS ENABLES SCIENTISTS TO DISCOVER HOW GENES CAUSE MANY DISEASES, INCLUDING CANCER, BIRTH DEFECTS, AND DEMENTIA. HISTORY HAS SHOWN THAT BASIC MEDICAL RESEARCH IS OFTEN A KEY FIRST STEP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TREATMENTS, CURES, AND PREVENTIONS FOR MANY HUMAN DISEASES. 2018 NOTABLE RESEARCH RESULTS IN 2018, SIMR RESEARCH TEAMS MADE DISCOVERIES MERITING PUBLICATION IN LEADING PEER-REVIEWED SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS - 65 ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPERS IN ALL. SIMR RESEARCH TEAMS ALSO PRODUCED 36 OTHER PUBLICATIONS INCLUDING REVIEWS, COMMENTARIES, BOOK CHAPTERS, AND BOOKS. SOME OF THE HIGHLIGHTS AMONG PAPERS PUBLISHED IN 2018 INCLUDE: THE ROHNER LAB PUBLISHED A STUDY DESCRIBING HOW CAVEFISH HAVE ADAPTED TO THEIR EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS AND HOW THEIR METABOLISM IS DIFFERENT FROM SURFACE FISH, WHICH MAY BE RELEVANT FOR UNDERSTANDING METABOLISM-RELATED CONDITIONS IN HUMANS. THE FINDINGS SUGGEST HOW CAVEFISH HAVE ACQUIRED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS TO COMPENSATE FOR DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF HIGH BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS, WHICH ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF SOME HUMAN METABOLIC DISORDERS SUCH AS DIABETES. THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED JOINTLY WITH COLLABORATING RESEARCHERS FROM HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL AND THE REPORT WAS PUBLISHED ONLINE MARCH 21, 2018, IN NATURE. THE LI AND KRUMLAUF LABS FOUND EVIDENCE THAT A KEY REGULATORY ELEMENT CALLED DERARE CONTROLS HOXB GENE CLUSTER EXPRESSION IN HEMATOPOIETIC, OR BLOOD-FORMING, STEM CELLS (HSCS). HOX GENES PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN MAINTAINING NORMAL HSCS, AND THEIR ABNORMAL EXPRESSION CREATES A RISK OF FORMING LEUKEMIA. UNDERSTANDING THIS REGULATORY MECHANISM OF THE HOXB CLUSTER PROVIDES INSIGHT FOR ENHANCING HSC FUNCTION AND FINDING DRUGS TO TARGET ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML). THE STUDY WAS PUBLISHED ONLINE MAY 3, 2018, IN CELL STEM CELL. THE SANCHEZ ALVARADO LAB PERFORMED A STUDY THAT CAPTURED THE ELUSIVE CELL THAT CAN REGENERATE AN ENTIRE FLATWORM. OVER A CENTURY AGO, SCIENTISTS TRACED THE REGENERATIVE PROPERTIES OF THE FRESHWATER FLATWORM KNOWN AS PLANARIA TO A SPECIAL POPULATION OF ADULT STEM CELLS CALLED NEOBLASTS. BUT UNTIL RECENTLY, THEY LACKED THE TOOLS NECESSARY TO HOME IN FURTHER ON THE INDIVIDUAL CELLS TRULY CAPABLE OF REGENERATION. THE STOWERS STUDY COMBINED GENOMICS, SINGLE-CELL ANALYSIS, AND IMAGING TO ISOLATE THIS ELUSIVE CELL AND IDENTIFY A CELL-SURFACE MOLECULE CALLED TSPAN-1 THAT CAN BE USED TO PURIFY REGENERATIVE NEOBLASTS FROM SIMILAR CELL TYPES. THESE FINDINGS, PUBLISHED IN THE JUNE 14, 2018, ISSUE OF CELL, HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR ADVANCING THE STUDY OF STEM CELL BIOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE. THE HALFMANN LAB DEVELOPED A NEW TECHNIQUE THAT MEASURES A PROPERTY OF PRION PROTEINS AS THEY TRANSFORM INTO DIFFERENT SHAPES THAT "INFECT" OTHER PROTEINS, A PROCESS THAT SOMETIMES DISRUPTS NORMAL FUNCTIONS OF THE PROTEIN. A PRION PROTEIN WILL SOMETIMES TRANSFORM ITSELF INTO A DIFFERENT SHAPE THAT CAUSES OTHER PROTEINS TO ADOPT THE ALTERNATE SHAPE. IN SOME CELLS AND TISSUES, PRION ACCUMULATIONS LEAD TO DISEASE. IN OTHER CELLS, HOWEVER, PRION SELF-ASSEMBLIES ARE ESSENTIAL FOR THEIR NORMAL FUNCTIONS. IN THE STUDY, RESEARCHERS IDENTIFIED A PHYSICAL BASIS FOR THE TRANSFORMATION AND DEVELOPED A NEW TECHNIQUE CALLED DISTRIBUTED AMPHIFLUORIC FRET THAT MEASURES NUCLEATION - THE FIRST STEP IN THE TRANSFORMATION - IN LIVING CELLS. THE ASSAY CAN DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PROTEINS THAT EXHIBIT PRION BEHAVIOR AND THOSE THAT DO NOT. THIS APPROACH MAY HELP RESEARCHERS UNDERSTAND MORE ABOUT PRIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASES AS WELL AS PRIONS INVOLVED IN NORMAL BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. THE STUDY WAS PUBLISHED IN THE JULY 5, 2018, ISSUE OF MOLECULAR CELL. THE KULESA LAB CREATED A LOGIC-BASED MODEL THAT PREDICTED THE FAVORABLE OR UNFAVORABLE OUTCOMES OF VERY YOUNG NEUROBLASTOMA PATIENTS WITH GREATER ACCURACY THAN CURRENT METHODS OF PREDICTING OUTCOMES. NEUROBLASTOMA, THE MOST DEADLY CANCER FOR INFANTS AND CHILDREN YOUNGER THAN TWO YEARS OF AGE, IS DIFFICULT TO DIAGNOSE AND TREAT. TO IMPROVE THE CHANCES FOR SURVIVAL, SCIENTISTS HAVE BEEN SEARCHING FOR WAYS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE CELLULAR MECHANICS OF WHAT CAUSES NEUROBLASTOMA AND HOW IT PROGRESSES. TO DEVELOP THE NEW MODEL, THE RESEARCHERS ANALYZED PUBLISHED RESEARCH ON MOLECULAR SIGNALS IMPORTANT IN DEVELOPMENT AND ALSO IMPLICATED IN NEUROBLASTOMA. THIS WORK, PUBLISHED IN THE JULY 2018 ISSUE OF BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY, DEMONSTRATES THE ABILITY OF SUCH MODELS TO PREDICT DISEASE OUTCOMES AND OFFER A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF MOLECULAR NETWORK INTERACTIONS IN DISEASE. THE LI LAB DISCOVERED THAT REDUCING THE FUNCTION OF A PROTEIN IN HUMAN UMBILICAL CORD ADULT BLOOD-FORMING STEM CELLS ALLOWED THOSE CELLS TO EXPAND. CURRENTLY, THERE'S A LARGE GAP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF PATIENTS WHO NEED BONE MARROW AND UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD ADULT STEM CELL TRANSPLANTS AND THE NUMBER OF TRANSPLANT UNITS AVAILABLE FOR USE. THIS GAP IS DUE TO THE LOW RATE OF MATCH BETWEEN BONE MARROW DONORS AND POSSIBLE HOSTS, AND THE AMOUNT OF HUMAN UMBILICAL CORD ADULT STEM CELLS NEEDED TO TREAT ONE ADULT PATIENT. THE RESEARCHERS' FINDINGS, PUBLISHED ONLINE JULY 31, 2018, IN CELL RESEARCH, COULD PROVIDE AN APPROACH FOR BRIDGING THE ADULT BLOOD-FORMING STEM CELL TREATMENT GAP FOR CONDITIONS LIKE LEUKEMIA, BLOOD DISORDERS, IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES, AND OTHER TYPES OF CANCERS, AND MAY ALSO BE MORE BROADLY APPLICABLE TO OTHER TYPES OF ADULT STEM CELLS. THE GIBSON LAB PROVIDED A NEW VIEW INTO THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF SOME OF THE GENES INVOLVED IN THE DETERMINATION OF ANIMAL BODY PLANS. THE FINDINGS REVEAL CLUES ABOUT ANCESTRAL FUNCTIONS OF HOX GENES, WHICH ARE KNOWN TO BE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF BODY PLAN LAYOUT FOR ORGANISMS SUCH AS SPIDERS, FISH, DOGS, AND HUMANS THAT HAVE ROUGHLY SYMMETRICAL RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES ABOUT A HEAD-TO-TAIL AXIS. THE RESEARCHERS STUDIED HOX GENE FUNCTION IN THE STARLET SEA ANEMONE, WHICH IS A MEMBER OF A GROUP OF RADIALLY SYMMETRIC ANIMALS THAT ALSO INCLUDES JELLYFISH AND CORALS. USING GENE KNOCKDOWN TECHNOLOGY, THE RESEARCHERS REPORTED EVIDENCE THAT HOX GENE FUNCTION IS IMPORTANT IN REGULATING THE SEA ANEMONE BODY PLAN DURING DEVELOPMENT AND SPECULATE THAT A PRIMITIVE "HOX CODE" MAY HAVE BEEN CO-OPTED FOR USE IN HEAD-TO-TAIL BODY PATTERNING BY BILATERALLY SYMMETRICAL ANIMALS. THESE FINDINGS, REPORTED IN THE SEPTEMBER 28, 2018, ISSUE OF SCIENCE, GIVE RESEARCHERS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES. THE YU LAB SHOWED THAT A NEWLY DISCOVERED GROUP OF "NAVIGATOR NEURONS" MAY HOLD THE KEY TO UNDERSTANDING THE NEURAL CIRCUITRY BEHIND OUR SENSE OF SMELL. THE STUDY BUILDS ON A BREAKTHROUGH 2014 REPORT FROM THE YU LAB THAT SHOWED A CRITICAL PERIOD IN OLFACTORY WIRING. GLITCHES IN THE WIRING AFFECT HOW SCENTS ARE PERCEIVED. YU AND HIS COLLEAGUES FOUND THAT IN MICE, THERE'S A BRIEF WINDOW TO FIX PROBLEMS - ABOUT A WEEK AFTER MICE ARE BORN. IN THEIR FOLLOW-UP REPORT, THE RESEARCHERS DETAILED THE SURPRISE DISCOVERY OF A GROUP OF OLFACTORY SENSORY NEURONS, OR "NAVIGATOR" NEURONS, THAT PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN ESTABLISHING THE OLFACTORY MAP, A KIND OF CODE BOOK FOR THE SCENTS WE ENCOUNTER. THE NAVIGATOR NEURONS ALSO CORRECT FAULTY WIRING THAT CAN IMPAIR THE SENSE OF SMELL. BECAUSE NAVIGATOR NEURONS LOOK IDENTICAL AND FUNCTION THE SAME AS OTHER NEURONS, THE RESEARCHERS CREATIVELY EMPLOYED A VARIETY OF APPROACHES AND TECHNOLOGIES, SOME THEY DEVELOPED THEMSELVES, TO FINALLY PINPOINT THEM. LEARNING MORE ABOUT NAVIGATOR NEURONS COULD HOLD PROMISE FOR REGENERATING AND REPAIRING OLFACTORY NEURONS AND NEURONS IN OTHER TYPES OF NEURAL SYSTEMS, SUCH AS THOSE INVOLVED IN SPINAL CORD INJURY. THE FINDINGS WERE PUBLISHED ONLINE OCTOBER 25, 2018, IN NEURON. COMPREHENSIVE LISTS OF 2018 ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPERS, REVIEWS, COMMENTARIES, CHAPTERS, AND BOOKS ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPERS 1. THE ULK1-FBXW5-SEC23B NEXUS CONTROLS AUTOPHAGY. JEONG YT, SIMONESCHI D, KEEGAN S, MELVILLE D, ADLER NS, SARAF A, FLORENS L, WASHBURN MP, CAVASOTTO CN, FENYO D, CUERVO AM, ROSSI M, PAGANO M. ELIFE. 2018;7:42253. DOI: 42210.47554/ELIFE.42253. 2. THE H/ACA COMPLEX DISRUPTS RNA TRIPLEX IN HTR PRECURSOR TO PERMIT PROCESSING BY RRP6 AND PARN. TSENG CK, WANG HF, SCHROEDER MR, BAUMANN P. NAT COMMUN. 2018;9:5430. DOI: 5410.1038/S41467-41018-07822-41466. 3. ORIGIN, COMPOSITION, AND STRUCTURE OF THE SUPERNUMERARY B CHROMOSOME OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. HANLON SL, MILLER DE, ECHE S, HAWLEY RS. GENETICS. 2018;210:1197-1212. |
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