Attach to Form 990 or Form 990-EZ.
Go to
www.irs.gov/Form990 for instructions and the latest information.
| (i) Name of supported organization | (ii) EIN | (iii) Type of organization (described on lines 1- 10 above (see instructions)) | (iv) Is the organization listed in your governing document? | (v) Amount of monetary support (see instructions) | (vi) Amount of other support (see instructions) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||||
|
Total |
||||||
Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2015 | (b) 2016 | (c) 2017 | (d) 2018 | (e) 2019 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gifts, grants, contributions, and membership fees received. (Do not include any "unusual grant.") .. | ||||||
| 2 | Tax revenues levied for the organization's benefit and either paid to or expended on its behalf.... | ||||||
| 3 | The value of services or facilities furnished by a governmental unit to the organization without charge.. | ||||||
| 4 | Total. Add lines 1 through 3 | ||||||
| 5 | The portion of total contributions by each person (other than a governmental unit or publicly supported organization) included on line 1 that exceeds 2% of the amount shown on line 11, column (f).. | ||||||
| 6 | Public support. Subtract line 5 from line 4. | ||||||
Calendar year
(or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2015 | (b) 2016 | (c) 2017 | (d) 2018 | (e) 2019 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | Amounts from line 4.. | ||||||
| 8 | Gross income from interest, dividends, payments received on securities loans, rents, royalties and income from similar sources... | ||||||
| 9 | Net income from unrelated business activities, whether or not the business is regularly carried on.. | ||||||
| 10 | Other income. Do not include gain or loss from the sale of capital assets (Explain in Part VI.).. | ||||||
| 11 | Total support. Add lines 7 through 10 | ||||||
Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2015 | (b) 2016 | (c) 2017 | (d) 2018 | (e) 2019 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gifts, grants, contributions, and membership fees received. (Do not include any "unusual grants.") . | ||||||
| 2 | Gross receipts from admissions, merchandise sold or services performed, or facilities furnished in any activity that is related to the organization's tax-exempt purpose | ||||||
| 3 | Gross receipts from activities that are not an unrelated trade or business under section 513 ..... | ||||||
| 4 | Tax revenues levied for the organization's benefit and either paid to or expended on its behalf... | ||||||
| 5 | The value of services or facilities furnished by a governmental unit to the organization without charge | ||||||
| 6 | Total. Add lines 1 through 5 | ||||||
| 7a | Amounts included on lines 1, 2, and 3 received from disqualified persons | ||||||
| b | Amounts included on lines 2 and 3 received from other than disqualified persons that exceed the greater of $5,000 or 1% of the amount on line 13 for the year. | ||||||
| c | Add lines 7a and 7b.. | ||||||
| 8 | Public support. (Subtract line 7c from line 6.) | ||||||
Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2015 | (b) 2016 | (c) 2017 | (d) 2018 | (e) 2019 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | Amounts from line 6... | ||||||
| 10a | Gross income from interest, dividends, payments received on securities loans, rents, royalties and income from similar sources.. | ||||||
| b | Unrelated business taxable income (less section 511 taxes) from businesses acquired after June 30, 1975. | ||||||
| c | Add lines 10a and 10b. | ||||||
| 11 | Net income from unrelated business activities not included in line 10b, whether or not the business is regularly carried on. | ||||||
| 12 | Other income. Do not include gain or loss from the sale of capital assets (Explain in Part VI.) .. | ||||||
| 13 | Total support. (Add lines 9, 10c, 11, and 12.).. | ||||||
| Section A - Adjusted Net Income | (A) Prior Year |
(B) Current Year (optional) |
||||
| 1 | Net short-term capital gain | 1 | ||||
| 2 | Recoveries of prior-year distributions | 2 | ||||
| 3 | Other gross income (see instructions) | 3 | ||||
| 4 | Add lines 1 through 3 | 4 | ||||
| 5 | Depreciation and depletion | 5 | ||||
| 6 | Portion of operating expenses paid or incurred for production or collection of gross income or for management, conservation, or maintenance of property held for production of income (see instructions) | 6 | ||||
| 7 | Other expenses (see instructions) | 7 | ||||
| 8 | Adjusted Net Income (subtract lines 5, 6 and 7 from line 4) | 8 | ||||
| Section B - Minimum Asset Amount | (A) Prior Year |
(B) Current Year (optional) |
||||
| 1 | Aggregate fair market value of all non-exempt-use assets (see instructions for short tax year or assets held for part of year): | 1 | ||||
| a | Average monthly value of securities | 1a | ||||
| b | Average monthly cash balances | 1b | ||||
| c | Fair market value of other non-exempt-use assets | 1c | ||||
| d | Total (add lines 1a, 1b, and 1c) | 1d | ||||
| e |
Discount claimed for blockage or other factors (explain in detail in Part VI): |
|||||
| 2 | Acquisition indebtedness applicable to non-exempt use assets | 2 | ||||
| 3 | Subtract line 2 from line 1d | 3 | ||||
| 4 | Cash deemed held for exempt use. Enter 1-1/2% of line 3 (for greater amount, see instructions). | 4 | ||||
| 5 | Net value of non-exempt-use assets (subtract line 4 from line 3) | 5 | ||||
| 6 | Multiply line 5 by .035 | 6 | ||||
| 7 | Recoveries of prior-year distributions | 7 | ||||
| 8 | Minimum Asset Amount (add line 7 to line 6) | 8 | ||||
| Section C - Distributable Amount | Current Year | |||||
| 1 | Adjusted net income for prior year (from Section A, line 8, Column A) | 1 | ||||
| 2 | Enter 85% of line 1 | 2 | ||||
| 3 | Minimum asset amount for prior year (from Section B, line 8, Column A) | 3 | ||||
| 4 | Enter greater of line 2 or line 3 | 4 | ||||
| 5 | Income tax imposed in prior year | 5 | ||||
| 6 | Distributable Amount. Subtract line 5 from line 4, unless subject to emergency temporary reduction (see instructions) | 6 | ||||
| Section D - Distributions | Current Year | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Amounts paid to supported organizations to accomplish exempt purposes | ||
|
2
Amounts paid to perform activity that directly furthers exempt purposes of supported organizations, in excess of income from activity |
||
| 3 Administrative expenses paid to accomplish exempt purposes of supported organizations | ||
| 4 Amounts paid to acquire exempt-use assets | ||
| 5 Qualified set-aside amounts (prior IRS approval required) | ||
| 6 Other distributions (describe in Part VI). See instructions | ||
| 7Total annual distributions. Add lines 1 through 6. | ||
|
8
Distributions to attentive supported organizations to which the organization is responsive (provide details in Part VI). See instructions |
||
| 9 Distributable amount for 2019 from Section C, line 6 | ||
| 10 Line 8 amount divided by Line 9 amount | ||
| Section E - Distribution Allocations (see instructions) |
(i) Excess Distributions |
(ii) Underdistributions Pre-2019 |
(iii) Distributable Amount for 2019 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Distributable amount for 2019 from Section C, line 6 | ||||
|
2
Underdistributions, if any, for years prior to 2019 (reasonable cause required-- explain in Part VI). See instructions. |
||||
| 3 Excess distributions carryover, if any, to 2019: | ||||
| a From 2014....... | ||||
| b From 2015....... | ||||
| c From 2016....... | ||||
| d From 2017....... | ||||
| e From 2018....... | ||||
| fTotal of lines 3a through e | ||||
| g Applied to underdistributions of prior years | ||||
| h Applied to 2019 distributable amount | ||||
|
i
Carryover from 2014 not applied (see instructions) |
||||
| j Remainder. Subtract lines 3g, 3h, and 3i from 3f. | ||||
| 4Distributions for 2019 from Section D, line 7: | ||||
| $ | ||||
| a Applied to underdistributions of prior years | ||||
| b Applied to 2019 distributable amount | ||||
| c Remainder. Subtract lines 4a and 4b from 4. | ||||
|
5
Remaining underdistributions for years prior to 2019, if any. Subtract lines 3g and 4a from line 2. If the amount is greater than zero, explain in Part VI. See instructions. |
||||
|
6
Remaining underdistributions for 2019. Subtract lines 3h and 4b from line 1. If the amount is greater than zero, explain in Part VI. See instructions. |
||||
|
7 Excess distributions carryover to 2020. Add lines 3j and 4c. |
||||
| 8 Breakdown of line 7: | ||||
| a Excess from 2015..... | ||||
| b Excess from 2016..... | ||||
| c Excess from 2017..... | ||||
| d Excess from 2018..... | ||||
| e Excess from 2019..... | ||||
| Facts And Circumstances Test |
|---|
| Return Reference | Explanation |
|---|
| Software ID: | |
| Software Version: |
Attach to Form 990 or 990-EZ.
Go to www.irs.gov/Form990 for the latest information.
| Return Reference | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Form 990, Part III, Line 4a; | Dr. Erica Ollmann Saphire, one of the world's leading experts in pandemic and emerging viruses, joined LJI faculty in the spring of 2019. Dr. Saphire directs an international consortium analyzing antibody therapeutics and vaccine responses. Her lab studies the three-dimensional structures of viral proteins to understand, at the molecular level, how viruses like Ebola, Marburg and Lassa are so deadly. In a series of groundbreaking discoveries, her team has determined the molecular structures of the Ebola, Sudan, Bundibugyo, Marburg, LCMV and Lassa virus surface glycoproteins; how these viruses suppress immune function and where human antibodies dock to defeat these viruses. A widely recognized structural biologist, Dr. Saphire has established a molecular imaging facility at La Jolla Institute for cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The extremely detailed images produced by cryo-EM reveal precisely how essential mechanisms of the immune system operate. Bringing Dr. Saphire's expertise and state-of-the-art cryo-EM capabilities to the Institute will help LJI scientists drive pioneering advances from molecular structure to human immunology to global health. Among the flood of research papers published by scientists and scholars in academic journals year in and year out, by some estimates their numbers now exceed 2,500,000 papers annually; the research contributions of scientists at La Jolla Institute for Immunology stand out for their global impact. Four researchers, or 19 percent of La Jolla Institute for Immunology's faculty, have been named in the Highly Cited Researchers 2019 list from the Web of Science Group. The 2019 Highly Cited Researchers list, released November 19 by the Web of Science Group, identifies scientists who produced multiple papers ranking in the top 1% by citations for their field and year of publication, demonstrating significant research influence among their peers. La Jolla Institute for Immunology faculty on the list include Professor Shane Crotty, Ph.D., whose ground breaking work on the immunology underlying vaccines earned him a spot on the list for the fourth year in a row; Professor Alessandro Sette, Dr. Biol.Sci., whose sustained efforts to systematically dissect the immune response to a wide range of microbes and allergens has a tremendous impact on the field of immunology, made the list for the second year. This year, they are joined by Professor Bjoern Peters, Ph.D., who helped established the Immune Epitope Database, a free, searchable site that houses data from more than 1.6 million experiments, making it a one-stop shop for understanding and predicting the body's response to viruses, bacteria, cancer, allergens and more, and Professor Anjana Rao, Ph.D., whose pioneering insights into the fundamentals of T cell biology have the potential to successfully address T cell exhaustion, which, in the past, has limited the success of cancer immunotherapies. In 2019, professors Crotty and Sette were named as Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Election as an AAAS Fellow is an honor bestowed upon AAAS members by their peers. Dr. Crotty was elected an AAAS fellow in recognition of his distinguished contributions to the field of vaccine immunology, particularly defining and characterizing T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and their roles in humoral immunity. Dr. Sette was recognized for his distinguished contributions to the field of immunology, particularly for providing insights into T-cell specificity and immune-profiling of T-cells in human disease, and for pioneering immuno-informatics. Dr. Crotty also was selected to receive the 2019 Frederick W. Alt Award for New Discoveries in Immunology for his pioneering insights in the fundamentals of what makes a good immune response to help custom-engineer vaccine candidates so they elicit a protective immune response. The award is given annually to a former Cancer Research Institute postdoctoral fellow in recognition of outstanding success in academia or industry for research that has had a major impact in the field of immunology. The American Association of Immunologists (AAI) has named LJI President and Chief Scientific Officer Dr. Mitchell Kronenberg, a world expert in T cell biology, as an AAI 2019 Distinguished Fellow. He is among 52 immunologists, including five Nobel Laureates, selected for the inaugural class of fellows. Election as a Distinguished Fellow is among the highest honors bestowed by AAI and recognizes members for distinguished careers and outstanding scientific contributions as well as their service to AAI and the immunology community. Dr. Kronenberg is best known for his extensive studies of a subset of specialized T cells known as invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and their brethren, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. Both cell types are an integral part of the innate immune response, which reacts almost immediately to foreign invaders. Sara McArdle, Ph.D., a microscopy specialist at La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) who helps scientists take advantage of the latest imaging technology by bridging the gap between engineering, software development, data processing and biology, was selected as one of seventeen "Imaging Scientists" by the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI). CZI initiated the Imaging Scientists program to break down the walls between disciplines and empower biologists to reap the most benefit from new technical advances in the field of imaging. It funds imaging specialists who can move creatively between different fields, from physics and medicine, to engineering and biology. In 2019, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) has been awarded a $22 million contract renewal over seven years from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to host and expand the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). The database is the world's most comprehensive collection of scientific data on how the immune system responds to a wide range of infectious agents, allergy-causing substances, and other stimuli that activate the immune system. A La Jolla Institute-led consortium was awarded up to $35 million by the National Institutes of Health. It brings together experts from around the world to streamline and accelerate the development of immunotherapeutics against emerging and re-emerging viral threats under the leadership of Dr. Saphire. The Viral Immunotherapeutic Consortium (VIC) continues a tremendously successful international program that Dr. Saphire initiated and directed to bridge the gap between results obtained in the lab and effective treatments that can be deployed in the field. The consortium, now headquartered at La Jolla Institute for Immunology, will specifically focus on the clinical development of therapeutic candidates identified by the VIC for Ebola and other related filoviruses, arenaviruses, such as Lassa virus as well as a third major global threat, alphaviruses, which infect millions of people across the world. 2019 Notable Research Results In 2019, LJI research teams made discoveries meriting publication in leading peer-reviewed scientific journals 147 papers in all, continuing a trend of very high productivity. 45 of them appeared in high impact journals, which is a measure of the research's pioneering nature and influence. Together, they illustrate the range and power of immunology research, the caliber of LJI's faculty and their impact on a broad group of human health issues. Some of the highlights among papers published in 2019 include: Dr. Crotty showed that new HIV vaccine delivery strategy appears to enhance the protective immune response in a preclinical model. He and his colleagues discovered that delivering an HIV vaccine in small doses over a series of days leads to a stronger immune response than when the same vaccine is given all at once. A similar escalating dose method could be the best way to administer an HIV vaccine in future clinical trials. In an unrelated study, Dr. Crotty and his team discovered why some kids are prone to repeated bouts of strep throat while others appear to be more or less immune. His findings suggest that recurrent tonsillitis is a multifactorial disease where immunological factors combined with an underlying genetic susceptibility allow group A strep to invade the throats of certain individuals time and again. Gaining a better understanding of why some children fail to develop protective immunity also opens the door to developing a vaccine to protect against strep throat, the researchers predict. |
| Form 990, Part III, Line 4a; | Dr. Anjana Rao and her team devised a strategy to counteract T cell exhaustion in CAR T cancer therapies. A growing number of cancer patients are being offered a promising new treatment called CAR T cell therapy. In this therapy, a patients' own T cells are removed and genetically engineered to better recognize cancer cells. The cells are then returned to the patient's body, where they can mount an immune response. CAR T-cell therapies have saved lives, but there has been a downside: T cells can get overstimulated over time and can stop working due to a phenomenon called T cell exhaustion. The scientists' new study shows that a family of proteins, called Nr4a transcription factors, have a prominent role in regulating the genes associated with T cell exhaustion. Using a mouse model, the scientists demonstrated that treating mice with CAR T cells lacking these Nr4a transcription factors led to smaller tumors and better survival. Dr. Saphire and her team revealed Lassa virus' soft spot. CAAs this year's Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria is finally ebbing, the total tally came to more than 600 infected people, one-quarter of them dead. Thousands more die each year, uncounted in rural villages throughout West Africa. With an annual wave of infections and new viral strains emerging, it has never been more important to understand the characteristics of a broadly protective immune response in order to develop effective treatments, or better yet, a vaccine. A new study led by Instructor Kathryn Hastie, Ph.D., and Professor Erica Ollmann Saphire, Ph.D., identified and then reverse engineered the molecular properties shared by antibodies that are particularly efficient at inactivating or "neutralizing" the virus. The team's findings also revealed that most neutralizing antibodies bind to the same spot on the surface of Lassa virus, providing a map for rational vaccine design. A study by Dr. Pandurangan Vijayanand identified a type of T cell that possesses superior tumor killing potential. Immunotherapies hold promise as a way to prompt a patient's own immune system to fight cancer cells. Yet immunotherapies only work in about 30 percent of patientsand they can cause dangerous side effects. In their new study, LJI scientists collaborated with a team from the University of Southampton to better understand a group of immune cells called tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs). These cells are known to help the body fight infection, but there is increasing evidence that they also play a key role in fighting tumors. According to the new Journal of Experimental Medicine study, published in the June 21, 2019 edition, TRMs are indeed key tumor fighters. These cells are unique for their ability to seek out and kill tumor cells without suffering from the common phenomenon of T cell "exhaustion." Competitive Research Grant Funding & Research Awards & Distinctions During 2019, LJI scientists worked with the support of hundreds of grants, contracts and fellowships. The granting or prime institutions included: AbViro, American Association for Cancer Research, American Diabetes Association, American Heart Association, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Boston Children's Hospital, Cancer Research Institute, Celsense, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, CIRM, Columbia University, Crohn's and Colitis Foundation, Cue BioPharma, Eli Lilly, Emergent, Evotec, Expres2ion fund, Gritstone, Human Vaccines Project, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Incyte Corporation, Jane Coffin Childs, Kiowa Kirin Pharmaceuticals Research Inc., Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Lyell Immunopharma, Michael J. Fox Foundation, Nektar Therapeutics, Neon Therapeutics, Novo Nordisk, Ondek, Parker Institute, Pew Charitable Trust, Pfizer, RythRx Therapeutics, SBP Medical Discovery Institute, Scripps Research Institute, Takeda, Tremeau Pharmaceuticals, Tulane University, Turnstone, Ukko Inc., Umea University/EU Commission, University of Oxford, University of California Berkeley, University of California Los Angeles, University of California Riverside, University of California San Diego, University of Pennsylvania, University of Virginia, Vanderbilt University, Vasculitis Foundation, Washington University, St Louis, Zalgen, AALAS, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, American Association of Immunologists, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Chicago Biosolutions, Emory University, Flow Pharma, Integrated Biotherapeutics, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, iTeos Therapeutics, Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, Medical College of Wisconsin/Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, Moores Cancer Center, National Institute for Biotechnology, National Institutes of Health, Naval Medical Research Center, Oregon University, Quality Biological, Inc., Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, University of Washington With new and recurring grant support, the Institute received more than $54 million in research funding in 2019, which is supplemented by corporate funding sources as well as philanthropic support. |
| Form 990, Part VI, Section A, line 2 | Mitchell Kronenberg, Ph.D. and Hilde Cheroutre have a family relationship. |
| Form 990, Part VI, Section B, line 11b | In accordance with written Institute Policy, a draft of Form 990 is provided to all Board Members for their review and comment approximately 10 days prior to filing. This provides an opportunity for members of the Board to ask questions and obtain additional information. Comments and suggested changes to the draft are incorporated into the final version of Form 990. |
| Form 990, Part VI, Section B, line 12c | The Institute administers three separate conflict of interest policies applying to 1) The Board of Directors, 2) Faculty and Senior Administration, and 3) An investigator financial conflict of interest policy required under National Institutes of Health Regulations. The Institute regularly and consistently monitors and enforces these policies in accordance with written procedures, which include the completion of disclosure forms by covered individuals, evaluation of completed forms by a designated conflict review officer, and as necessary, further evaluation and determination by a designated conflict review committee. If a conflict is determined, a management plan is designed and monitored for the specific situation. Such plan may require the covered individual to eliminate the conflict. |
| Form 990, Part VI, Section B, line 15 | Compensation decisions for the institute's CEO and other key employees are made annually. Adjustments, if any, typically take effect on a January 1st Cycle. For these purposes, the institute's Human Resources Department Obtains relevant market comparability data for each position on an annual Basis. The institute also periodically engages an independent compensation Consulting firm to perform compensation studies for key individuals and to Evaluate the institute's executive compensation and benefits programs for Reasonableness. In accordance with its charter, the compensation committee Of the board of directors reviews and discusses this information, and the Performance of the institute's CEO and key employees, and formulates Recommended compensation actions to the full board of directors. The board Of directors reviews these recommendations and related information in Deciding compensation levels for each position. |
| Form 990, Part VI, Section C, line 19 | The Institute makes its governing documents, Conflict of Interest Policy, and Financial Statements available to the public upon request. Summarized Financial data is also made available as part of the Institute's Annual Report, which is widely distributed, and can be downloaded from the Institute's web site. |
| Software ID: | |
| Software Version: |