Attach to Form 990 or Form 990-EZ.
Go to
www.irs.gov/Form990 for instructions and the latest information.
| (i) Name of supported organization | (ii) EIN | (iii) Type of organization (described on lines 1- 10 above (see instructions)) | (iv) Is the organization listed in your governing document? | (v) Amount of monetary support (see instructions) | (vi) Amount of other support (see instructions) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||||
|
Total |
||||||
Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2016 | (b) 2017 | (c) 2018 | (d) 2019 | (e) 2020 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gifts, grants, contributions, and membership fees received. (Do not include any "unusual grant.") .. | ||||||
| 2 | Tax revenues levied for the organization's benefit and either paid to or expended on its behalf.... | ||||||
| 3 | The value of services or facilities furnished by a governmental unit to the organization without charge.. | ||||||
| 4 | Total. Add lines 1 through 3 | ||||||
| 5 | The portion of total contributions by each person (other than a governmental unit or publicly supported organization) included on line 1 that exceeds 2% of the amount shown on line 11, column (f).. | ||||||
| 6 | Public support. Subtract line 5 from line 4. | ||||||
Calendar year
(or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2016 | (b) 2017 | (c) 2018 | (d) 2019 | (e) 2020 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | Amounts from line 4.. | ||||||
| 8 | Gross income from interest, dividends, payments received on securities loans, rents, royalties and income from similar sources... | ||||||
| 9 | Net income from unrelated business activities, whether or not the business is regularly carried on.. | ||||||
| 10 | Other income. Do not include gain or loss from the sale of capital assets (Explain in Part VI.).. | ||||||
| 11 | Total support. Add lines 7 through 10 | ||||||
Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2016 | (b) 2017 | (c) 2018 | (d) 2019 | (e) 2020 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gifts, grants, contributions, and membership fees received. (Do not include any "unusual grants.") . | ||||||
| 2 | Gross receipts from admissions, merchandise sold or services performed, or facilities furnished in any activity that is related to the organization's tax-exempt purpose | ||||||
| 3 | Gross receipts from activities that are not an unrelated trade or business under section 513 ..... | ||||||
| 4 | Tax revenues levied for the organization's benefit and either paid to or expended on its behalf... | ||||||
| 5 | The value of services or facilities furnished by a governmental unit to the organization without charge | ||||||
| 6 | Total. Add lines 1 through 5 | ||||||
| 7a | Amounts included on lines 1, 2, and 3 received from disqualified persons | ||||||
| b | Amounts included on lines 2 and 3 received from other than disqualified persons that exceed the greater of $5,000 or 1% of the amount on line 13 for the year. | ||||||
| c | Add lines 7a and 7b.. | ||||||
| 8 | Public support. (Subtract line 7c from line 6.) | ||||||
Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2016 | (b) 2017 | (c) 2018 | (d) 2019 | (e) 2020 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | Amounts from line 6... | ||||||
| 10a | Gross income from interest, dividends, payments received on securities loans, rents, royalties and income from similar sources.. | ||||||
| b | Unrelated business taxable income (less section 511 taxes) from businesses acquired after June 30, 1975. | ||||||
| c | Add lines 10a and 10b. | ||||||
| 11 | Net income from unrelated business activities not included in line 10b, whether or not the business is regularly carried on. | ||||||
| 12 | Other income. Do not include gain or loss from the sale of capital assets (Explain in Part VI.) .. | ||||||
| 13 | Total support. (Add lines 9, 10c, 11, and 12.).. | ||||||
| Section A - Adjusted Net Income | (A) Prior Year |
(B) Current Year (optional) |
||||
| 1 | Net short-term capital gain | 1 | ||||
| 2 | Recoveries of prior-year distributions | 2 | ||||
| 3 | Other gross income (see instructions) | 3 | ||||
| 4 | Add lines 1 through 3 | 4 | ||||
| 5 | Depreciation and depletion | 5 | ||||
| 6 | Portion of operating expenses paid or incurred for production or collection of gross income or for management, conservation, or maintenance of property held for production of income (see instructions) | 6 | ||||
| 7 | Other expenses (see instructions) | 7 | ||||
| 8 | Adjusted Net Income (subtract lines 5, 6 and 7 from line 4) | 8 | ||||
| Section B - Minimum Asset Amount | (A) Prior Year |
(B) Current Year (optional) |
||||
| 1 | Aggregate fair market value of all non-exempt-use assets (see instructions for short tax year or assets held for part of year): | 1 | ||||
| a | Average monthly value of securities | 1a | ||||
| b | Average monthly cash balances | 1b | ||||
| c | Fair market value of other non-exempt-use assets | 1c | ||||
| d | Total (add lines 1a, 1b, and 1c) | 1d | ||||
| e |
Discount claimed for blockage or other factors (explain in detail in Part VI): |
|||||
| 2 | Acquisition indebtedness applicable to non-exempt use assets | 2 | ||||
| 3 | Subtract line 2 from line 1d | 3 | ||||
| 4 | Cash deemed held for exempt use. Enter 0.015 of line 3 (for greater amount, see instructions). | 4 | ||||
| 5 | Net value of non-exempt-use assets (subtract line 4 from line 3) | 5 | ||||
| 6 | Multiply line 5 by 0.035 | 6 | ||||
| 7 | Recoveries of prior-year distributions | 7 | ||||
| 8 | Minimum Asset Amount (add line 7 to line 6) | 8 | ||||
| Section C - Distributable Amount | Current Year | |||||
| 1 | Adjusted net income for prior year (from Section A, line 8, Column A) | 1 | ||||
| 2 | Enter 85% of line 1 | 2 | ||||
| 3 | Minimum asset amount for prior year (from Section B, line 8, Column A) | 3 | ||||
| 4 | Enter greater of line 2 or line 3 | 4 | ||||
| 5 | Income tax imposed in prior year | 5 | ||||
| 6 | Distributable Amount. Subtract line 5 from line 4, unless subject to emergency temporary reduction (see instructions) | 6 | ||||
| Section D - Distributions | Current Year | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Amounts paid to supported organizations to accomplish exempt purposes | 1 | |
|
2
Amounts paid to perform activity that directly furthers exempt purposes of supported organizations, in excess of income from activity |
2 | |
| 3 Administrative expenses paid to accomplish exempt purposes of supported organizations | 3 | |
| 4 Amounts paid to acquire exempt-use assets | 4 | |
| 5 Qualified set-aside amounts (prior IRS approval required - provide details in Part VI) | 5 | |
| 6 Other distributions (describe in Part VI). See instructions | 6 | |
| 7Total annual distributions. Add lines 1 through 6. | 7 | |
|
8
Distributions to attentive supported organizations to which the organization is responsive (provide details in Part VI). See instructions |
8 | |
| 9 Distributable amount for 2020 from Section C, line 6 | 9 | |
| 10 Line 8 amount divided by Line 9 amount | 10 | |
| Section E - Distribution Allocations (see instructions) |
(i) Excess Distributions |
(ii) Underdistributions Pre-2020 |
(iii) Distributable Amount for 2020 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Distributable amount for 2020 from Section C, line 6 | ||||
|
2
Underdistributions, if any, for years prior to 2019 (reasonable cause required-- explain in Part VI). See instructions. |
||||
| 3 Excess distributions carryover, if any, to 2020: | ||||
| a From 2015....... | ||||
| b From 2016....... | ||||
| c From 2017....... | ||||
| d From 2018....... | ||||
| e From 2019....... | ||||
| fTotal of lines 3a through e | ||||
| g Applied to underdistributions of prior years | ||||
| h Applied to 2020 distributable amount | ||||
|
i
Carryover from 2015 not applied (see instructions) |
||||
| j Remainder. Subtract lines 3g, 3h, and 3i from line 3f. | ||||
| 4Distributions for 2020 from Section D, line 7: | ||||
| $ | ||||
| a Applied to underdistributions of prior years | ||||
| b Applied to 2020 distributable amount | ||||
| c Remainder. Subtract lines 4a and 4b from line 4. | ||||
|
5
Remaining underdistributions for years prior to 2020, if any. Subtract lines 3g and 4a from line 2. If the amount is greater than zero, explain in Part VI. See instructions. |
||||
|
6
Remaining underdistributions for 2020. Subtract lines 3h and 4b from line 1. If the amount is greater than zero, explain in Part VI. See instructions. |
||||
|
7 Excess distributions carryover to 2021. Add lines 3j and 4c. |
||||
| 8 Breakdown of line 7: | ||||
| a Excess from 2016..... | ||||
| b Excess from 2017..... | ||||
| c Excess from 2018..... | ||||
| d Excess from 2019..... | ||||
| e Excess from 2020..... | ||||
| Facts And Circumstances Test |
|---|
| Return Reference | Explanation |
|---|
| Software ID: | |
| Software Version: |
Attach to Form 990 or 990-EZ.
Go to www.irs.gov/Form990 for the latest information.
| Return Reference | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Form 990, Part III, Line 4a | In January 2020, before the first COVID-19 cases reached the United States, scientists at LJI began studying T cell reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Their work gave the world early evidence that the immune system could indeed fight off the virus, offering hope that a vaccine could be effective. LJI Professors Alessandro Sette, Dr.Biol.Sci., and Shane Crotty, Ph.D., continued this groundbreaking and urgent research throughout 2020. Their labs were the first to share a detailed analysis of the body's adaptive immune response to the virus. Importantly, they showed that people who had previously had common cold coronaviruses had "cross-reactive" T cells that recognized SARS-CoV-2. Their labs also found that a dysfunctional T cell response could explain why the huge variation in COVID-19 outcomes, especially in the elderly. By March 2020, LJI had become a hub for COVID-19 studies, and LJI Professor Erica Ollmann Saphire, Ph.D., launched the Coronavirus Immunotherapeutic Consortium (CoVIC), with backing from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. With more than 50 different efforts currently underway to find therapeutic antibodies across the globe, CoVIC provides a concerted and coordinated effort to compare these antibody candidates side by side under standardized criteria ultimately determining which ones are most likely to protect people and why. Work between the Saphire Lab and researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory also gave us an early look at how SARS-CoV-2 was mutating as it spread across the globe, alerting many to the development of viral variants. Across the Institute, teams teased apart aspects of SARS-CoV-2. A team of postdoctoral researchers took a comprehensive look at SARS-CoV-2 and what lessons could be applied from the SARS and MERS outbreaks. LJI Professor Bjoern Peters, Ph.D., led a team to investigate the link between BCG vaccination and lower SARS-CoV-2 mortality rates in some countries. The BCG project showed that prior BCG vaccination did not seem to protect against SARS-CoV-2. It was a discouraging finding, but an important clue to how the virus was spreading around the world. In July 2020, Anthony Fauci, M.D., Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, came with an LJI study in hand when he testified before a House subcommittee on the nation's COVID-19 response on July 31. Holding up the Cell study, he called the T cell research from the labs of Sette and Crotty, "work we really need to pursue. We're just at the cusp of really understanding the importance of this type of response in COVID." Honors and Accomplishments In recognition of the impact of their peer-reviewed studies, LJI Professors Shane Crotty, Ph.D., Alessandro Sette, Dr. Biol.Sci., and Bjoern Peters, Ph.D., were named "Highly Cited Researchers" by Clarivate for 2020. This accolade means Crotty, Peters and Sette were in the top 1% of citations for their field of study between 2009 and 2019. Early in the pandemic, the Sette Lab received $500,000 in funding from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), one of the National Institutes of Health, for research into immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. NIAID awarded more than $6.4 million to Erica Ollmann Saphire, Ph.D., professor at La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), to support research toward COVID-19 antibody therapeutics. With this funding, The Coronavirus Immunotherapeutic Consortium (CoVIC) partnered with NIAID to provide independent evaluation of antibody therapeutics as part of the federal government's Operation Warp Speed. The funding to LJI is fueling ongoing efforts by CoVIC, led by Saphire, to analyze virus-fighting antibodies and track how the novel coronavirus may attempt to escape those antibodies. Saphire also received a $1 million gift from GHR Foundation, an independent global philanthropy based in Minneapolis, MN, to support CoVIC LJI Research Assistant Professor Daniela Weiskopf, Ph.D., was granted $1.4 million from the National Institutes of Health's National Cancer Institute (NCI) to examine the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in study volunteers from Puerto Rico, where at least 75 percent of the population identifies as Hispanic or Latino. Research into this demographic is critical because the CDC reported that Hispanic and Latino Americans have been hospitalized with COVID-19 at more than four times the rate of white Americans. The five-year project is part of NCI's Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet), the largest coordinated effort to study immunology and COVID-19 in the United States. LJI Professor Catherine C. Hedrick, Ph.D., received $523,914 in funding from the National Institutes of Health's National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) to study how immune cells may contribute to cardiovascular problems in COVID-19 patients. Hedrick's work will focus on how the SARS-CoV-2 virus may affect monocytes, a type of immune cell in the bloodstream. LJI Instructor Alba Grifoni, Ph.D., received the Embassy of Italy Award to Honor Young Italian Researchers for Research to Fight COVID-19 from the Italian Scientists and Scholars in North America Foundation (ISSNAF). The award honors Grifoni's significant advances in understanding how the immune system responds to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. A team of LJI scientists, led by Suzanne Alarcon, won the XPRIZE Rapid COVID Testing Competition. The team developed and successfully implemented a fast, inexpensive, saliva-based COVID-19 screen that allowed the Institute's laboratories to reopen safely in 2020. The team received $500,000 in guaranteed winnings and is eligible to receive $1 million total as they take steps to make their screening protocol widely available. At the same time, LJI researchers launched new investigations into health threats outside of COVID-19. NHLBI awarded more than $2.3 million to LJI Professor Klaus Ley, M.D., for a new investigation into how a family of molecules called integrins helps the body fight disease. The research could open the door to new cancer therapies or treatments for autoimmune diseases. Sette and LJI Research Assistant Professor Cecilia Lindestam Arlehamn, Ph.D., in a close collaboration with overall study leader Professor David Sulzer, Ph.D., of Columbia University, received $3.5 million as part of a team award from Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) to support a three-year study into how immune cells may contribute to Parkinson's disease. In December 2020, Saphire was named Scientist of the Year by ARCS San Diego, a chapter of the Achievement Rewards for College Scientists (ARCS) Foundation. The annual award recognizes Saphire's breakthroughs in structural virology and her leadership of the Coronavirus Immunotherapy Consortium (CoVIC). Notable Research Results In 2020, LJI research teams made discoveries meriting publication in leading peer-reviewed scientific journals 205 papers in all, continuing a trend of very high productivity. Together, they illustrate the range and power of immunology research, the caliber of LJI's faculty and their impact on a broad group of human health issues. Some of the highlights among papers published in 2020 include: LJI Professor Michael Croft, Ph.D., showed a protein called TL1A drives fibrosis in several mouse models, triggering tissue remodeling and making it harder for lungs and airways to function normally. The research suggested that TL1A and its receptor on cells could be targets for therapeutics aimed at reducing fibrosis and tissue remodeling in patients with severe lung disease. LJI Associate Professor Sujan Shresta, Ph.D., found that antibodies against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are "cross-reactive and can also recognize Zika virus. Unfortunately, these antibodies can actually make Zika cases more severe. The research, conducted in mice, is the first to show that T cells can counteract this dangerous phenomenon. A separate Zika study from the Shresta Lab showed that the immune system's T cells have the power to prevent Zika infection in mice. This finding suggests that effective Zika vaccines need to activate T cells to work alongside antibodies. The lab of LJI Professor Klaus Ley, M.D., uncovered an additional role for T cells in atherosclerosis. Ley reported that certain T lymphocytes that start out trying to fight the disease can end up increasing inflammation and making atherosclerosis cases even worse. In the field of allergy research, Grgory Seumois, Ph.D., instructor and director of LJI's Sequencing Core, and LJI Professor Pandurangan Vijayanand, M.D. Ph.D., uncovered a clue to why non-allergic people don't have a strong reaction to house dust mites. They found a previously unknown subset of T cells that may control allergic immune reactions and asthma from ever developing in response to house dust mitesand other possible allergens. |
| Form 990, Part III, Line 4a | The Croft Lab reported a potential way to stop asthma attacks in the first place. The researchers discovered that blocking two immune molecules, called OX40L and CD30L, at the same time is key to preventing asthma attacks in a mouse model. The research points to a way to achieve a strong, long-lasting reduction in asthma exacerbations. The Sette Lab uncovered further evidence linking autoimmunity to the onset of Parkinson's disease. In fact, the researchers report that signs of autoimmunity can appear in Parkinson's disease patients years before their official diagnosis. The research could make it possible to someday detect Parkinson's disease before the onset of debilitating motor symptoms. Also in the field of autoimmunity research, LJI Associate Professor Sonia Sharma, Ph.D., showed that a previously poorly understood enzyme actually inhibits inflammation in blood vessels. The research offers a potential path to treating DADA2, an inflammatory blood vessel disease in children that is similar to Kawasaki disease. In two separate studies, LJI Professor Matthias von Herrath, M.D., uncovered important clues to explain the root of type 1 diabetes. In one study, his lab used a mouse model to suggest that blocking nerve signals to the pancreas could stop patients from ever developing type 1 diabetes. In a second study, the lab found that even healthy people have potentially harmful T cells lurking in the pancreasin surprisingly high numbers. These results add evidence for the theory that type 1 diabetes is not caused by malfunctioning T cells attacking beta cells. LJI scientists also led foundational research into the inner workings of immune cells. LJI Professor Stephen P. Schoenberger, Ph.D., discovered a protective biological switch that, briefly, turns on the immune response at the first whiff of an invaderan important featurebut can also turn off potentially destructive immune rampage that may also occur. This "off" switch can protect against serious, life threatening inflammation. LJI Professor Shane Crotty, Ph.D., investigated how a protein called Bcl6 works as a "master regulator" in the immune system. The research is an important step toward designing vaccines and therapies that can "switch on" the immune cells that help produce disease-fighting antibodies. LJI Professor Catherine C. Hedrick, Ph.D., tracked down the rare stem cells that generate neutrophils in human bone marrow. This research gives scientists a potential path for intervening in diseases where neutrophil development goes awry. LJI Instructor Alex Marki, M.D., and Dr. Ley found that people with sepsis have never-before-seen particles in their blood. The scientists are the first to show that these particles, called elongated neutrophil-derived structures (ENDS), break off of immune cells and change their shape as they course through the body. The Vijayanand Lab also created 3D maps of how enhancer sequences and genes interact in several types of immune cells. Their study opened the door to understanding individual risk for diseases from asthma to cancer. Competitive Research Grant Funding & Research Awards & Distinctions AbViro, LLC, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, American Association for Cancer Research, American Association of Laboratory Animal Science, American Heart Association, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Boston Children's Hospital, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cancer Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Celsense Inc., Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Chicago BioSolutions, Columbia University, CRDF Global, Crohn's and Colitis Foundation, Cue Biopharma, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Emergent Ventures, Emory University, European Commission, GHR Foundation, Gossamer Bio, Gritstone Bio, Halozyme, Inc., Histogen, Inc., Human Vaccines Project, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Integrated Biotherapeutics, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Intrepida Bio, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd, Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Research, Inc., Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, Lyell Immunopharma, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , National Institute for Biotechnology, National Institutes of Health, Naval Medical Research Center, Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc., Nektar Therapeutics, Novo Nordisk, Oregon health and Science University, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc., Sorrento Therapeutics, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, The Michael J. Fox Foundation, The Scripps Research Institute, The Washington University, Tremeau Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tulane University, Turnstone Biologics, Ukko Inc., University of California Berkeley, University of California Irvine, University of California Riverside, University of California San Diego, University of Oxford, University of Pennsylvania, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, University of Wisconsin, Vanderbilt University, Victoria University, Washington University in Saint Louis, Zalgen Labs, LLC. |
| Form 990, Part VI, Section B, line 11b | A draft of the Form 990 is provided to all board members prior to the electronic filing of the tax return. |
| Form 990, Part VI, Section B, line 12c | The Institute administers three separate conflict of interest policies applying to 1) The Board of Directors, 2) Faculty and Senior Administration, and 3) An investigator financial conflict of interest policy required under National Institutes of Health Regulations. The Institute regularly and consistently monitors and enforces these policies in accordance with written procedures, which include the completion of disclosure forms by covered individuals, evaluation of completed forms by a designated conflict review officer, and as necessary, further evaluation and determination by a designated conflict review committee. If a conflict is determined, a management plan is designed and monitored for the specific situation. Such plan may require the covered individual to eliminate the conflict. |
| Form 990, Part VI, Section B, line 15 | Compensation decisions for the institute's CEO and other key employees are made annually. Adjustments, if any, typically take effect on a January 1st cycle. For these purposes, the institute's Human Resources Department obtains relevant market comparability data for each position on an annual basis. In accordance with its charter, the compensation committee of the board of directors reviews and discusses this information, and the performance of the institute's CEO and key employees, and formulates recommended compensation actions to the full board of directors. The board of directors reviews these recommendations and related information in deciding compensation levels for each position. |
| Form 990, Part VI, Section C, line 19 | The Institute makes its governing documents, Conflict of Interest Policy, and Financial Statements available to the public upon request. |
| Software ID: | |
| Software Version: |