Attach to Form 990 or Form 990-EZ.
Go to
www.irs.gov/Form990 for instructions and the latest information.
| (i) Name of supported organization | (ii) EIN | (iii) Type of organization (described on lines 1- 10 above (see instructions)) | (iv) Is the organization listed in your governing document? | (v) Amount of monetary support (see instructions) | (vi) Amount of other support (see instructions) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||||
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Total |
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Calendar year
(or fiscal year beginning in)
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(a) 2018 | (b) 2019 | (c) 2020 | (d) 2021 | (e) 2022 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gifts, grants, contributions, and membership fees received. (Do not include any "unusual grant.") .. | 40,275,703 | 21,625,761 | 28,156,638 | 43,281,833 | 42,216,134 | 175,556,069 |
| 2 | Tax revenues levied for the organization's benefit and either paid to or expended on its behalf.... | ||||||
| 3 | The value of services or facilities furnished by a governmental unit to the organization without charge.. | ||||||
| 4 | Total. Add lines 1 through 3 | 40,275,703 | 21,625,761 | 28,156,638 | 43,281,833 | 42,216,134 | 175,556,069 |
| 5 | The portion of total contributions by each person (other than a governmental unit or publicly supported organization) included on line 1 that exceeds 2% of the amount shown on line 11, column (f) .. | 341,368 | |||||
| 6 | Public support. Subtract line 5 from line 4. | 175,214,701 | |||||
Calendar year
(or fiscal year beginning in)
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(a) 2018 | (b) 2019 | (c) 2020 | (d) 2021 | (e) 2022 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | Amounts from line 4.. | 40,275,703 | 21,625,761 | 28,156,638 | 43,281,833 | 42,216,134 | 175,556,069 |
| 8 | Gross income from interest, dividends, payments received on securities loans, rents, royalties and income from similar sources... | 1,538,331 | 1,252,653 | 1,025,000 | 1,328,141 | 1,301,913 | 6,446,038 |
| 9 | Net income from unrelated business activities, whether or not the business is regularly carried on.. | ||||||
| 10 | Other income. Do not include gain or loss from the sale of capital assets (Explain in Part VI.).. | 3,296 | 3,067 | 7,858 | 18,851 | 115 | 33,187 |
| 11 | Total support. Add lines 7 through 10 | 182,035,294 | |||||
Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2018 | (b) 2019 | (c) 2020 | (d) 2021 | (e) 2022 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gifts, grants, contributions, and membership fees received. (Do not include any "unusual grants.") . | ||||||
| 2 | Gross receipts from admissions, merchandise sold or services performed, or facilities furnished in any activity that is related to the organization's tax-exempt purpose | ||||||
| 3 | Gross receipts from activities that are not an unrelated trade or business under section 513 ..... | ||||||
| 4 | Tax revenues levied for the organization's benefit and either paid to or expended on its behalf... | ||||||
| 5 | The value of services or facilities furnished by a governmental unit to the organization without charge | ||||||
| 6 | Total. Add lines 1 through 5 | ||||||
| 7a | Amounts included on lines 1, 2, and 3 received from disqualified persons | ||||||
| b | Amounts included on lines 2 and 3 received from other than disqualified persons that exceed the greater of $5,000 or 1% of the amount on line 13 for the year. | ||||||
| c | Add lines 7a and 7b.. | ||||||
| 8 | Public support. (Subtract line 7c from line 6.) | ||||||
Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) ![]() |
(a) 2018 | (b) 2019 | (c) 2020 | (d) 2021 | (e) 2022 | (f) Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | Amounts from line 6... | ||||||
| 10a | Gross income from interest, dividends, payments received on securities loans, rents, royalties and income from similar sources.. | ||||||
| b | Unrelated business taxable income (less section 511 taxes) from businesses acquired after June 30, 1975. | ||||||
| c | Add lines 10a and 10b. | ||||||
| 11 | Net income from unrelated business activities not included on line 10b, whether or not the business is regularly carried on. | ||||||
| 12 | Other income. Do not include gain or loss from the sale of capital assets (Explain in Part VI.) .. | ||||||
| 13 | Total support. (Add lines 9, 10c, 11, and 12.).. | ||||||
| Section A - Adjusted Net Income | (A) Prior Year |
(B) Current Year (optional) |
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| 1 | Net short-term capital gain | 1 | ||||
| 2 | Recoveries of prior-year distributions | 2 | ||||
| 3 | Other gross income (see instructions) | 3 | ||||
| 4 | Add lines 1 through 3 | 4 | ||||
| 5 | Depreciation and depletion | 5 | ||||
| 6 | Portion of operating expenses paid or incurred for production or collection of gross income or for management, conservation, or maintenance of property held for production of income (see instructions) | 6 | ||||
| 7 | Other expenses (see instructions) | 7 | ||||
| 8 | Adjusted Net Income (subtract lines 5, 6 and 7 from line 4) | 8 | ||||
| Section B - Minimum Asset Amount | (A) Prior Year |
(B) Current Year (optional) |
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| 1 | Aggregate fair market value of all non-exempt-use assets (see instructions for short tax year or assets held for part of year): | 1 | ||||
| a | Average monthly value of securities | 1a | ||||
| b | Average monthly cash balances | 1b | ||||
| c | Fair market value of other non-exempt-use assets | 1c | ||||
| d | Total (add lines 1a, 1b, and 1c) | 1d | ||||
| e |
Discount claimed for blockage or other factors (explain in detail in Part VI): |
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| 2 | Acquisition indebtedness applicable to non-exempt use assets | 2 | ||||
| 3 | Subtract line 2 from line 1d | 3 | ||||
| 4 | Cash deemed held for exempt use. Enter 0.015 of line 3 (for greater amount, see instructions). | 4 | ||||
| 5 | Net value of non-exempt-use assets (subtract line 4 from line 3) | 5 | ||||
| 6 | Multiply line 5 by 0.035 | 6 | ||||
| 7 | Recoveries of prior-year distributions | 7 | ||||
| 8 | Minimum Asset Amount (add line 7 to line 6) | 8 | ||||
| Section C - Distributable Amount | Current Year | |||||
| 1 | Adjusted net income for prior year (from Section A, line 8, Column A) | 1 | ||||
| 2 | Enter 85% of line 1 | 2 | ||||
| 3 | Minimum asset amount for prior year (from Section B, line 8, Column A) | 3 | ||||
| 4 | Enter greater of line 2 or line 3 | 4 | ||||
| 5 | Income tax imposed in prior year | 5 | ||||
| 6 | Distributable Amount. Subtract line 5 from line 4, unless subject to emergency temporary reduction (see instructions) | 6 | ||||
| Section D - Distributions | Current Year | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Amounts paid to supported organizations to accomplish exempt purposes | 1 | |
|
2
Amounts paid to perform activity that directly furthers exempt purposes of supported organizations, in excess of income from activity |
2 | |
| 3 Administrative expenses paid to accomplish exempt purposes of supported organizations | 3 | |
| 4 Amounts paid to acquire exempt-use assets | 4 | |
| 5 Qualified set-aside amounts (prior IRS approval required - provide details in Part VI) | 5 | |
| 6 Other distributions (describe in Part VI). See instructions | 6 | |
| 7Total annual distributions. Add lines 1 through 6. | 7 | |
|
8
Distributions to attentive supported organizations to which the organization is responsive (provide details in Part VI). See instructions |
8 | |
| 9 Distributable amount for 2022 from Section C, line 6 | 9 | |
| 10 Line 8 amount divided by Line 9 amount | 10 | |
| Section E - Distribution Allocations (see instructions) |
(i) Excess Distributions |
(ii) Underdistributions Pre-2022 |
(iii) Distributable Amount for 2022 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Distributable amount for 2022 from Section C, line 6 | ||||
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2
Underdistributions, if any, for years prior to 2022 (reasonable cause required-- explain in Part VI).
See instructions. |
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| 3 Excess distributions carryover, if any, to 2022: | ||||
| a From 2017....... | ||||
| b From 2018....... | ||||
| c From 2019....... | ||||
| d From 2020....... | ||||
| e From 2021....... | ||||
| fTotal of lines 3a through e | ||||
| g Applied to underdistributions of prior years | ||||
| h Applied to 2022 distributable amount | ||||
|
i
Carryover from 2017 not applied (see instructions) |
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| j Remainder. Subtract lines 3g, 3h, and 3i from line 3f. | ||||
| 4Distributions for 2022 from Section D, line 7: | ||||
| $ | ||||
| a Applied to underdistributions of prior years | ||||
| b Applied to 2022 distributable amount | ||||
| c Remainder. Subtract lines 4a and 4b from line 4. | ||||
|
5
Remaining underdistributions for years prior to 2022, if any. Subtract lines 3g and 4a from line 2. If the amount is greater than zero, explain in Part VI. See instructions. |
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6
Remaining underdistributions for 2022. Subtract lines 3h and 4b from line 1. If the amount is greater than zero, explain in Part VI. See instructions. |
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7 Excess distributions carryover to 2023. Add lines 3j and 4c. |
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| 8 Breakdown of line 7: | ||||
| a Excess from 2018..... | ||||
| b Excess from 2019..... | ||||
| c Excess from 2020..... | ||||
| d Excess from 2021..... | ||||
| e Excess from 2022..... | ||||
| Facts And Circumstances Test |
|---|
| Return Reference | Explanation |
|---|---|
| SCHEDULE A, PART II, LINE 10, EXPLANATION OF OTHER INCOME: | MISCELLANEOUS - 2018 AMOUNT: $ 1,267. 2019 AMOUNT: $ 165. 2020 AMOUNT: $ 6,555. 2022 AMOUNT: $ 115. LIST RENTALS - 2018 AMOUNT: $ 170. 2019 AMOUNT: $ 2,201. 2020 AMOUNT: $ 0. 2021 AMOUNT: $ 0. STORE SALES - 2018 AMOUNT: $ 1,859. 2019 AMOUNT: $ 701. 2020 AMOUNT: $ 1,303. IRS TAX REFUND - 2021 AMOUNT: $ 18,851. |
| Software ID: | |
| Software Version: |
Attach to Form 990 or 990-EZ.
Go to www.irs.gov/Form990 for the latest information.
| Return Reference | Explanation |
|---|---|
| FORM 990, PART I, LINE 1 | THE FOUNDATION FOR AIDS RESEARCH IS AN INTERNATIONAL NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANIZATION INCORPORATED IN NEW YORK IN 1989. AMFAR WAS FORMED THROUGH THE UNIFICATION IN 1985 OF TWO NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS, THE AIDS MEDICAL FOUNDATION ("AMF"), INCORPORATED IN NEW YORK IN APRIL 1983, AND THE NATIONAL AIDS RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED IN CALIFORNIA IN AUGUST 1985. FIRST BASED IN CALIFORNIA, AMFAR TRANSFERRED ITS LEGAL DOMICILE TO NEW YORK IN 1989, USING THE INITIAL INCORPORATION DOCUMENTS OF AMF, MAKING IT AMF'S LEGAL SUCCESSOR. AMFAR HAS OFFICES IN NEW YORK, NY, WASHINGTON, D.C., AND BANGKOK, THAILAND. ON MARCH 7, 2005, THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE AMERICAN FOUNDATION FOR AIDS RESEARCH APPROVED A CHANGE IN LEGAL NAME TO "THE FOUNDATION FOR AIDS RESEARCH." ON OCTOBER 18, 2005, THE NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF STATE APPROVED THIS CHANGE. IN ADDITION, THE FOUNDATION HAS SECURED APPROVAL FOR DOING BUSINESS AS (DBA) THE FOLLOWING: AMERICAN FOUNDATION FOR AIDS RESEARCH AMFAR AIDS RESEARCH FOUNDATION |
| FORM 990, PART III, LINE 1: | THE FOUNDATION FOR AIDS RESEARCH IS AN INTERNATIONAL NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANIZATION INCORPORATED IN NEW YORK IN 1989. AMFAR WAS FORMED THROUGH THE UNIFICATION IN 1985 OF TWO NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS, THE AIDS MEDICAL FOUNDATION ("AMF"), INCORPORATED IN NEW YORK IN APRIL 1983, AND THE NATIONAL AIDS RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED IN CALIFORNIA IN AUGUST 1985. FIRST BASED IN CALIFORNIA, AMFAR TRANSFERRED ITS LEGAL DOMICILE TO NEW YORK IN 1989, USING THE INITIAL INCORPORATION DOCUMENTS OF AMF, MAKING IT AMF'S LEGAL SUCCESSOR. AMFAR HAS OFFICES IN NEW YORK, NY, WASHINGTON, D.C., AND BANGKOK, THAILAND. ON MARCH 7, 2005, THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE AMERICAN FOUNDATION FOR AIDS RESEARCH APPROVED A CHANGE IN LEGAL NAME TO "THE FOUNDATION FOR AIDS RESEARCH." ON OCTOBER 18, 2005, THE NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF STATE APPROVED THIS CHANGE. IN ADDITION, THE FOUNDATION HAS SECURED APPROVAL FOR DOING BUSINESS AS (DBA) THE FOLLOWING: - AMERICAN FOUNDATION FOR AIDS RESEARCH - AMFAR - AIDS RESEARCH FOUNDATION AMFAR IS DEDICATED TO ENDING THE GLOBAL AIDS EPIDEMIC THROUGH INNOVATIVE RESEARCH. THE FOUNDATION ACCOMPLISHES THIS MISSION THROUGH: - RESEARCH TO EXPLORE SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO HIV PREVENTION, TREATMENT, AND POTENTIAL CURES, AND TO ENHANCE THE HEALTH AND SURVIVAL OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS; - INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES TO FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF EFFECTIVE RESEARCH, TREATMENT, PREVENTION, AND EDUCATION STRATEGIES IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES; - PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS AND THE ADVOCACY OF RATIONAL AND COMPASSIONATE POLICIES THAT PROMOTE PUBLIC HEALTH AND PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF PEOPLE THREATENED BY HIV/AIDS; - EDUCATIONAL INITIATIVES TO BUILD AWARENESS OF THE CONTINUED THREAT HIV/AIDS POSES AND TO PUBLISH UPDATES ABOUT THE LATEST MEDICAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND PREVENTION ADVANCES FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS, HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS, AND THE PUBLIC. |
| FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4A | CURRENTLY USED IN THE TREATMENT OF CERTAIN CANCERS, ANTIBODY CONJUGATES BIND INTERVENTIONS TO ANTIBODIES AS A MEANS OF DELIVERING THEM TO SPECIFIC CELLS. IN THIS STUDY, DR. DE TAEYE IS TESTING SEVERAL DIFFERENT APPROACHES. THE FIRST IS A TOXIN THAT CAN BE DELIVERED TO T CELLS DISPLAYING SPECIFIC SURFACE SIGNALS. ANOTHER IS AN AGENT TO STIMULATE THE INTERNAL DEFENSES OF HIV-INFECTED CELLS, LEADING TO A CASCADE OF EVENTS THAT RESULTS IN DESTRUCTION BY THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. NAMED IN HONOR OF AMFAR'S LATE FOUNDING CHAIRMAN, THE FELLOWSHIP HAS BEEN AWARDED SINCE 2008 TO PROVIDE CRUCIAL FUNDING FOR YOUNG RESEARCHERS WHO OFTEN HAVE THE MOST INNOVATIVE AND DARING IDEAS, BUT FOR WHOM SECURING FINANCIAL SUPPORT CAN BE DIFFICULT. DR. DE TAEYE, THE 59TH MATHILDE KRIM FELLOW, IS BEING MENTORED BY DRS. ROGIER SANDERS AND MARIT VAN GILS, TWO FORMER KRIM FELLOWS, ILLUSTRATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THIS PROGRAM. IN ADDITION, TWO FELLOWS ALEKSANDAR ANTANASIJEVIC, PHD, OF THE ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FEDERALE DE LAUSANNE IN SWITZERLAND, AND JEANNETTE TENTHOREY, PHD, OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO, EACH RECEIVED A PHASE II AWARD OF $50,000. CONFERENCES AND THINK TANKS IN FEBRUARY, MARK FRANKE, FORMERLY KNOWN AS THE DSSELDORF PATIENT, WAS CONFIRMED BY RESEARCHERS WORKING UNDER THE PURVIEW OF AMFAR'S ICISTEM CONSORTIUM TO BE CURED OF HIV VIA STEM CELL TRANSPLANT WITH DONOR CELLS WITH A CCR5 DELTA32 MUTATION. AT THE INTERNATIONAL AIDS CONFERENCE ON HIV SCIENCE IN JULY, DR. ASIER SEZ-CIRIN, OF THE PASTEUR INSTITUTE IN PARIS AND A MEMBER OF ICISTEM, ANNOUNCED ANOTHER NEW POSSIBLE CASE OF CURE (THE GENEVA PATIENT) USING A SIMILAR STRATEGY BUT THIS TIME USING DONOR CELLS WITHOUT THE MUTATION. RESEARCHERS ARE STILL MONITORING THE PATIENT TO DETERMINE HIS CURE STATUS. IN APRIL, AMFAR CONVENED A TWO-DAY THINK TANK WITH 13 SCIENTISTS IN WASHINGTON, D.C., TO DISCUSS THE ROLE OF ANTI-HIV ANTIBODIES IN THE OPTIMIZATION OF HIV CURE STRATEGIES, FOCUSING ON THE ROLE OF BROADLY NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES IN ERADICATING HIV RESERVOIRS. PARTICIPANTS INCLUDED REPRESENTATIVES FROM ACADEMIA AND THE NIH, AS WELL AS RESEARCHERS FROM DENMARK AND LONDON (VIA ZOOM). PUBLISHED RESEARCH AMFAR IS A LEADING VOICE IN THE SCIENTIFIC CONVERSATION PERTAINING TO HIV, AS EVIDENCED BY THE MANY AMFAR-FUNDED RESEARCH STUDIES PUBLISHED IN PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS. IN FY2023, 30 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS RESULTED FROM AMFAR-FUNDED RESEARCH. HIGHLIGHTS INCLUDE: A STEP TOWARD ELIMINATING RESERVOIR CELLS? HIV RESERVOIRS, THE PRIMARY IMPEDIMENT TO A CURE FOR HIV, PREDOMINANTLY INVOLVE CD4 MEMORY T CELLS. BUT SOME SUBTYPES OF THOSE RESERVOIR CELLS THAT COULD BE TARGETED IN A CURE STRATEGY MAY REPRESENT MUCH GREATER OBSTACLES THAN OTHERS BECAUSE THEY ARE BOTH ENRICHED FOR LATENT HIV AND BETTER ABLE TO RESIST REACTIVATION. A COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH EFFORT SOUGHT TO DEFINE HOW TO IDENTIFY SUCH CELLS IN A FIRST STEP TOWARD REVERSING LATENCY AND ELIMINATING HIV RESERVOIRS. IT WAS KNOWN THAT CERTAIN PROTEINS THAT INHIBIT THE ABILITY TO ACTIVATE A T CELL, THE "IMMUNE CHECKPOINT PROTEINS," CONCURRENTLY BLOCK THE ABILITY TO CONVERT THAT CELL FROM A LATENT TO AN ACTIVE STATE OF HIV GROWTH, WHICH IS TYPICALLY NECESSARY FOR THE CELLS TO BECOME TARGETS FOR ELIMINATION. MORE CHARACTERIZATION OF LATENTLY INFECTED CELLS WAS NEEDED. THE AUTHORS COLLECTED LARGE AMOUNTS OF CD4+ T CELLS FROM 21 PEOPLE ON ART AND OBTAINED LYMPH NODE BIOPSIES FROM EIGHT OF THEM. THOSE CELLS IN BLOOD AND TISSUE CONTAINING TWO IMMUNE PROTEINS, PD1 AND CTLA4, PROVED TO CONTAIN MORE LATENT VIRUS THAN THEIR COUNTERPARTS LACKING THOSE PROTEINS. THE RESEARCHERS WENT ON TO IDENTIFY SPECIFIC GENES LINKED TO PD1 AND CTLA4 THAT APPEARED RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING THAT LATENT STATE. AUTHORS OF THIS PAPER, PUBLISHED IN CELL REPORTS MEDICINE, INCLUDE AMFAR GRANTEES AT UCSF, UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL. SOLVING THE PUZZLE OF POST-TREATMENT CONTROL PUBLISHED IN THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, AMFAR GRANTEES XU YU, MD, OF THE RAGON INSTITUTE OF MGH, MIT AND HARVARD, AND JONATHAN LI, MD, OF BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL IN BOSTON, AND THEIR COLLEAGUES INVESTIGATED WHY A RARE GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS, KNOWN AS POST-TREATMENT CONTROLLERS (PTCS), CAN SUPPRESS HIV REBOUND TO VERY LOW LEVELS FOR PROLONGED PERIODS AFTER ART WITHDRAWAL. RESEARCHERS IDENTIFIED 22 PTCS FROM EIGHT STUDIES OF SUPERVISED ART WITHDRAWAL, ALONG WITH 37 POST-TREATMENT NON-CONTROLLERS (NCS) WHO EXPERIENCED RAPID VIRAL REBOUND AFTER STOPPING ART. PTCS DEMONSTRATED A UNIQUE IMMUNOLOGIC PROFILE. THEY HAD LOWER LEVELS OF CD4 AND CD8 T-CELL ACTIVATION, LOWER CD4 CELL EXHAUSTION, AND MORE ROBUST NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELL FUNCTION AND CD4 T-CELL RESPONSES TO CERTAIN HIV PROTEINS. THESE PROCESSES WERE LINKED TO A STABLE RESERVOIR OF LATENTLY INFECTED CELLS. SURPRISINGLY, PTCS HAD LOWER LEVELS OF INFLAMMATION, IN MARKED CONTRAST TO "ELITE CONTROLLERS" WHO SUPPRESS HIV DESPITE NEVER HAVING RECEIVED ART, WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED INFLAMMATION. |
| FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4A | RESEARCH FOR HIS GROUNDBREAKING WORK ON MRNA, VETERAN HIV RESEARCHER AND AMFAR GRANTEE DR. DREW WEISSMAN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, ALONG WITH COLLABORATOR DR. KATALIN KARIK, WAS AWARDED THE 2023 NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE. DR. WEISSMAN DEVELOPED A WORKAROUND TO THE LONG-KNOWN LIMITATIONS OF MRNA AS A VACCINE AND THERAPEUTIC CANDIDATE - IT'S FRAGILE AND, WHEN MRNA IS DELIVERED TO CELLS, IT INDUCES A DANGEROUS AND POTENTIALLY LETHAL IMMUNE RESPONSE - BY WRAPPING THE MRNA IN SPECIALIZED LIPID SHELLS, KNOWN AS NANOPARTICLES OR "FAT BUBBLES." DOING SO PROTECTS MRNA FROM BEING RAPIDLY DISSOLVED IN TISSUE AND FACILITATES ITS ENTRY INTO IMMUNE CELLS, A STRATEGY THAT PROVED INSTRUMENTAL IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE VACCINES FOR COVID-19. CURRENTLY, AS A PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR ON A MULTI-YEAR AMFAR-FUNDED RESEARCH PROJECT AIMED AT DEVELOPING AND TESTING A COMPLEX GENE THERAPY APPROACH TO CURING HIV (SEE COMBINATION STRATEGY BELOW), DR. WEISSMAN IS USING MRNA TECHNOLOGY TO TARGET THE HIV RESERVOIR, THE MAIN BARRIER TO A CURE. THROUGHOUT FY2023, AMFAR'S RESEARCH PROGRAM SUPPORTED 31 RESEARCH TEAMS INVOLVING 120 SCIENTISTS THROUGH GRANTS AND FELLOWSHIPS. AMFAR CURE TRIAL SHOWS PROOF OF CONCEPT IN FEBRUARY 2023, FINDINGS FROM 12 AMFAR-FUNDED RESEARCH PROJECTS WERE PRESENTED AT THE 30TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON RETROVIRUSES AND OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS (CROI). MOST IMPORTANTLY, RESEARCHERS AT THE AMFAR INSTITUTE FOR HIV CURE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO, SHARED THE NEWS THAT THEIR COMBINATION IMMUNOTHERAPY APPROACH TO CURING HIV SHOWS PROMISE. THE ONGOING TRIAL, WHICH HAS ENROLLED 10 PARTICIPANTS WHOSE HIV WAS WELL CONTROLLED BY ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART), IS TESTING A COMBINATION OF AGENTS IN AN EFFORT TO INDUCE POST-TREATMENT CONTROL IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV. POST-TREATMENT CONTROL WOULD ALLOW PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV TO SAFELY DISCONTINUE ART AND THUS AVOID ITS ASSOCIATED COSTS, TOXICITIES, AND SIDE EFFECTS. THE MAJORITY OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE PHASE 1/2 SINGLE-ARM STUDY, WHICH RECEIVED ADDITIONAL SUPPORT FROM GILEAD SCIENCES, SHOWED EVIDENCE OF VIROLOGIC CONTROL AFTER ART WAS STOPPED. WHILE ALMOST ALL SHOWED SIGNS THAT THE VIRUS PERSISTED, SEVEN OF THE 10 DID NOT REBOUND IN THE USUAL WAY, WHERE A RAPID BURST OF UNCONTROLLED VIRAL GROWTH WOULD OTHERWISE BE EXPECTED. THIS STUDY ESTABLISHED PROOF OF CONCEPT THAT COMBINATION IMMUNOTHERAPY MAY INDUCE POST-TREATMENT CONTROL BY ALTERING FACETS OF THE VIRUS OR THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO IT AS PART OF A CURE INTERVENTION. INVESTIGATING ALLOGENEIC IMMUNITY STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION USING DONOR CELLS WITH A CCR5 DELTA32 MUTATION IS CURRENTLY THE ONLY APPROACH PROVEN TO ERADICATE THE HIV RESERVOIR AND THEREBY EFFECT A CURE IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV. BUT THE MUTATION IS RARE AND THIS HIGH-RISK PROCEDURE IS NOT SCALABLE. AS RESEARCHERS STUDY THE INDIVIDUAL MECHANISMS BY WHICH THE TRANSPLANT CURE METHOD WORKS, ONE OPEN ISSUE IS THE EXTENT TO WHICH CCR5-DEFICIENT DONOR STEM CELLS ARE REQUIRED TO DRIVE A TRANSPLANT-RELATED HIV CURE, AS OPPOSED TO SO-CALLED "ALLOGENEIC IMMUNITY" DRIVEN BY THE DONOR T CELLS REGARDLESS OF THEIR CCR5 STATUS. IN A STUDY LED BY AMFAR GRANTEE DR. JONAH SACHA OF OREGON HEALTH & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY, FOUR MONKEYS WERE INFECTED WITH SIV, THE SIMIAN EQUIVALENT OF HIV, TREATED WITH ART UNTIL VIRAL SUPPRESSION, AND THEN UNDERWENT A STEM CELL TRANSPLANT. SOME 22.5 YEARS LATER, ART WAS STOPPED AND LEVELS OF ACTIVE AND LATENT VIRUS IN BLOOD AND TISSUES WERE EXAMINED. ALL FOUR ANIMALS HAD A 1,000-FOLD REDUCTION OF THE VIRAL RESERVOIR IN BLOOD, LYMPH NODES, AND INTESTINES. THE ONE ANIMAL THAT ACHIEVED A COMPLETE RECONSTITUTION WITH DONOR CELLS HAS NO DETECTABLE VIRUS AND APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN CURED. THE RESEARCHERS SUGGEST THAT ALLOGENEIC IMMUNITY CAN INDEED ELIMINATE HIV RESERVOIRS AND THAT HARNESSING SUCH IMMUNITY OUTSIDE OF TRANSPLANTATION MAY DEVELOP NEW APPROACHES TO CURING HIV THAT CAN BE MORE BROADLY EFFECTIVE. SUPPORTING CUTTING-EDGE RESEARCH AMFAR AWARDS TWO MAIN TYPES OF GRANTS: TARGET GRANTS SUPPORT RESEARCH INTO HIV CURE INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT ELIMINATING INFECTED CELLS OR PROVIRUS; AND ARCHE (AMFAR RESEARCH CONSORTIUM ON HIV ERADICATION) GRANTS SUPPORT COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH INITIATIVES AIMED AT CURING HIV. ARCHE GRANTS COMBINATIONS STRATEGY A LEADING GENE THERAPY RESEARCHER AND A PAST PRESIDENT OF THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY OF GENE AND CELL THERAPY, HILDEGARD BNING, PHD, OF THE HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL IN GERMANY, IS CO-PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR OF AN AMFAR-FUNDED CONSORTIUM OF GENE THERAPY SCIENTISTS WORKING TO DEVELOP A COMPLEX, THREE-PRONGED ATTACK ON THE HIV RESERVOIR. RECENT NOBEL PRIZE WINNER DR. DREW WEISSMAN IS ALSO A PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR ON THE STUDY. THE STRATEGY INVOLVES: ANTIBODIES CAPABLE OF NEUTRALIZING A BROAD RANGE OF HIV SUBTYPES (BNABS), CAR STEM CELLS, AND MOLECULAR SCISSORS TARGETING THE VIRUS. WITH A GRANT OF $1.3 MILLION, DR. BNING AND HER COLLABORATORS ARE TESTING THE STRATEGY IN AN ANIMAL STUDY AND WILL DETERMINE THE EFFICACY OF EACH INTERVENTION, ALONE AND IN COMBINATION. TARGET GRANTS GENE THERAPY SHARON LEWIN, MD, PHD, OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, WAS AWARDED $480,000 FOR A STUDY USING THE MRNA ENCASED IN A LIPID NANOPARTICLE DELIVERY SYSTEM. THIS MRNA VEHICLE WILL TRANSPORT A GENE-EDITING TOOL TO HIV-INFECTED RESERVOIR CELLS IN ORDER TO REACTIVATE THEM, MAKING THEM A TARGET FOR ERADICATION. NO INTERVENTION HAS SO FAR PROVEN POWERFUL ENOUGH TO FORCE HIV-INFECTED CELLS TO START REPLICATING IN A WAY THAT MAKES THEM VULNERABLE TO CELL DEATH. DR. LEWIN IS USING A FORM OF THE CRISPR-CAS GENE-EDITING SYSTEM MODIFIED TO BIND TO THE VIRAL DNA AND DIRECTLY FORCE THE VIRUS TO START REPLICATING. HANS-PETER KIEM, MD, PHD, OF THE FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER CENTER, IN SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, WAS AWARDED $480,000 TO DEVELOP A "PORTABLE GENE THERAPY TREATMENT" WITHIN A PATIENT'S BODY AS PART OF AN HIV CURE INTERVENTION THAT DOES NOT RELY ON A STEM CELL TRANSPLANT. DR. KIEM IS TESTING ENGINEERED VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES THAT CAN DELIVER GENE-EDITING ENZYMES DIRECTLY TO THE BLOOD, LIVER, BRAIN, ETC., IN AN ANIMAL MODEL IN AN ATTEMPT TO DISRUPT THE CCR5 RECEPTOR IN BLOOD-FORMING STEM CELLS AND MAKE THEM RESISTANT TO HIV INFECTION. CAR T CELLS THOUGH SUCCESSFUL IN SOME CANCER TREATMENTS, GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CAR T CELLS HAVE NOT BEEN EFFECTIVE AGAINST HIV FOR SEVERAL REASONS: CAR T CELLS ARE THEMSELVES VULNERABLE TO HIV INFECTION, AND, EVEN WHEN THEY REMAIN UNINFECTED, THEY CANNOT ACHIEVE BROAD ENOUGH COVERAGE OR PERSIST LONG ENOUGH TO BE EFFECTIVE. MARTIN TOLSTRUP, PHD, OF AARHUS UNIVERSITY IN DENMARK, IS USING HIS GRANT OF $477,000 TO ATTEMPT TO OVERCOME THESE OBSTACLES USING CRISPR GENE-EDITING TECHNOLOGY AND OTHER STRATEGIES. AWARDED A GRANT IN THE AMOUNT OF $120,000, DANIEL CLAIBORNE OF THE WISTAR INSTITUTE IN PHILADELPHIA WILL ALSO ATTEMPT TO OPTIMIZE A CAR T CELL APPROACH FOR USE AGAINST HIV BY FIRST ENGINEERING A PANEL OF CARS TARGETING NON-TRADITIONAL PORTIONS OF THE HIV ENVELOPE AND THEN TESTING THEM IN A MOUSE MODEL. NATURAL KILLER CELLS DR. ANNA HEARPS OF THE BURNET INSTITUTE IN MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, WAS AWARDED $106,088 TO DEVELOP A MEANS OF KILLING HIV-INFECTED MACROPHAGE CELLS. MACROPHAGES ARE LONG-LIVED CELLS THAT ARE HIGHLY RESISTANT TO KILLING BY THE IMMUNE SYSTEM EVEN WHEN INFECTED. DR. HEARPS PLANS TO DISCOVER WHICH ANTI-HIV ANTIBODIES BEST RECOGNIZE HIV-INFECTED MACROPHAGES. SHE ALSO AIMS TO IDENTIFY THE MOST LETHAL SUBSET OF NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS, WHICH WILL BE RECRUITED BY THE ANTIBODIES TO KILL THE MACROPHAGES AND FORM PART OF AN IMMUNOTHERAPY TO CURE HIV. DR. LUIS MONTANER OF THE WISTAR INSTITUTE WAS AWARDED $372,662 TO BUILD ON RECENT ADVANCES IN CANCER RESEARCH TO GENERATE GENETICALLY MODIFIED NK CELLS THAT ARE OPTIMALLY DESIGNED TO KILL HIV-INFECTED CELLS. HE IS ENGINEERING THE NK CELLS TO BIND TO ANTIBODIES THAT EFFECTIVELY SEEK OUT HIV-INFECTED CELLS AND MODIFYING THE ANTIBODIES TO BECOME MORE EFFECTIVE AT INDUCING DEATH OF INFECTED CELLS. DR. PAMELA SKINNER OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA ALSO PLANS TO ENLIST ENGINEERED NK CELLS TO TARGET THE HIV RESERVOIR. WHILE CYTOTOXIC T CELLS AND NK CELLS ARE SOME OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE KILLERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, THEY ARE INEFFECTIVE AGAINST THE HIV RESERVOIR IN PART BECAUSE THEY DO NOT EASILY ACCESS THE REGIONS OF THE LYMPH NODE WHERE A MAJOR RESERVOIR PERSISTS. WITH A $480,000 GRANT, DR. SKINNER IS ENGINEERING CAR-T AND CAR-NK CELLS TO ZERO IN ON THE LYMPH NODES TO ENHANCE THEIR CHANCES OF SUCCESS. SHE IS ALSO MODIFYING THEM TO OVERCOME THE EXHAUSTION TO WHICH IMMUNE CELLS ARE PRONE AND TO RESIST BECOMING HIV-INFECTED CELLS THEMSELVES. MATHILDE KRIM FELLOWSHIPS STEVEN DE TAEYE, PHD, OF THE UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM IN THE NETHERLANDS, RECEIVED A 2023 MATHILDE KRIM FELLOWSHIP IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH TO SUPPORT A TWO-YEAR STUDY USING ANTIBODY CONJUGATES AS A POTENTIAL CURE FOR HIV. |
| FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4B | INTERNATIONAL AIDS CONFERENCE ON HIV SCIENCE AND OTHER CONFERENCES TREAT ASIA HAD A STRONG PRESENCE AT IAS 2023. DR. SOHN GAVE MULTIPLE PRESENTATIONS, INCLUDING ONE AT THE 15TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON HIV & PEDIATRICS, WHICH PRECEDED THE MAIN CONFERENCE. DR. JEREMY ROSS, TREAT ASIA'S DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH, AND NUMEROUS TREAT ASIA PARTNER INVESTIGATORS AND AFFILIATES ALSO PRESENTED AT THE CONFERENCE. TREAT ASIA ALSO PARTICIPATED IN THE HIV GLASGOW 2022 CONFERENCE IN OCTOBER; THE 25TH BANGKOK INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HIV MEDICINE IN JANUARY 2023; THE CONFERENCE ON RETROVIRUSES AND OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS (CROI) 2023 AND THE GLOBAL IEDEA MEETING, BOTH IN SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, IN FEBRUARY; THE 25TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON HIV AND HEPATITIS OBSERVATIONAL DATABASES (IWHOD 2023) IN ATHENS GREECE IN MARCH; APACC 2023, AND ITS PRECONFERENCE, HIV CASCADE OF CARE: CLOSING THE GAP, IN SINGAPORE IN JUNE; THE FOGARTY INTERNATIONAL CENTER (FIC) HIV RESEARCH TRAINING NETWORK HYBRID MEETING IN JULY; AND THE 9TH WHO GLOBAL VALIDATION ADVISORY COMMITTEE (GVAC) MEETING FOR ELIMINATION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV, SYPHILIS, AND HEPATITIS B VIRUS IN GENEVA, SWITZERLAND, IN AUGUST. PUBLICATIONS ALONG WITH LAY-LANGUAGE ARTICLES ON HIV/AIDS RESEARCH, POLICY, AND COMMUNITY ISSUES FACING THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION, TREAT ASIA PUBLISHED AN ISSUE BRIEF TITLED HEPATITIS B: A HIDDEN PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC; A POLICY BRIEF CALLING FOR EXPANDED ACCESS TO PEDIATRIC DOLUTEGRAVIR; AN INFORMATION BRIEF ABOUT COMMUNITY-LED MONITORING PROPOSALS FOR THE GLOBAL FUND; AND A COMMENTARY IN THE LANCET GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY ON HEPATITIS B AND PREP FOR HIV PREVENTION. TREAT ASIA ALSO CO-AUTHORED HIV CARE CONTINUUM & BEYOND: A NEW ERA FOR ASIA, WHICH ASSESSED TO WHAT EXTENT LOCAL INITIATIVES HAVE STRENGTHENED THE CARE CONTINUUM AND DETAILED HOW COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT HAS PLAYED A VITAL ROLE IN DEVELOPING AND DELIVERING PERSON-CENTERED INTERVENTIONS. IN ADDITION, TREAT ASIA'S PROGRAM MANAGER, GITEN KHWAIRAKPAM, SUPPORTED HEPATITIS AUSTRALIA ON A GLOBAL PRIORITY STATEMENT ON THE INTEGRATION OF HEPATITIS B RESPONSES IN HARM REDUCTION PROGRAMS. |
| FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 11B | THE FORM 990 WAS PREPARED BY A NATIONALLY RENOWNED ACCOUNTING FIRM IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE ORGANIZATION'S FINANCIAL DEPARTMENT. A COPY OF THE FORM 990 WAS CIRCULATED TO THE FULL BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR DISCUSSION AND COMMENT. EACH BOARD MEMBER WAS PROVIDED AMPLE OPPORTUNITY TO COMMENT ON THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE 990 PRIOR TO ITS FILING WITH THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE. |
| FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 12C | EACH OFFICER, DIRECTOR, TRUSTEE AND KEY EMPLOYEE OF AMFAR ("FOUNDATION") IS REQUIRED TO ANNUALLY DISCLOSE ANY CONFLICTS OF INTEREST THAT ARISE BY VIRTUE OF EMPLOYMENT, BOARD SERVICE, OR POSITION WITH THE FOUNDATION. THE FOUNDATION MONITORS COMPLIANCE WITH ITS CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY THROUGH AN ANNUAL QUESTIONNAIRE/DISCLOSURE STATEMENT THAT IS DISTRIBUTED TO THESE INDIVIDUALS. POTENTIAL CONFLICTS ARE INVESTIGATED IMMEDIATELY. |
| FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 15 | AMFAR ("FOUNDATION FOR AIDS RESEARCH") UNDERTAKES A THOROUGH PROCESS TO ENSURE THAT THE COMPENSATION IT PAYS TO ITS TOP MANAGEMENT OFFICIAL AND ALL OF ITS OFFICERS AND KEY EMPLOYEES IS REASONABLE GIVEN THE MARKET IN WHICH THE FOUNDATION OPERATES. AN INDEPENDENT CONSULTING FIRM QUALIFIED IN THE AREA OF NONPROFIT COMPENSATION PREPARES AN ANALYSIS OF MARKET COMPENSATION RANGES BY JOB FUNCTION AND PRESENTS IT TO THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD. AMFAR'S LAST INDEPENDENT COMPENSATION STUDY WAS CONDUCTED IN AUGUST OF 2020 TO ENSURE THAT THE PRESIDENT & CEO'S COMPENSATION IS REASONABLE GIVEN THE MARKET IN WHICH THE FOUNDATION OPERATES. ON THE BASIS OF THIS INFORMATION, STAFF COMPENSATION IS DETERMINED ACCORDING TO SALARY RANGES APPROVED BY THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD, IN CONSULTATION WITH THE CEO AND CFO. CEO COMPENSATION IS REVIEWED AND DETERMINED ANNUALLY BY THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD UTILIZING THE INDEPENDENT CONSULTANT ANALYSIS. |
| FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION C, LINE 19 | AMFAR MAKES ITS FORM 990 AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC BY RETAINING A COPY AT ITS PLACE OF BUSINESS AND ON ITS WEBSITE, WWW.AMFAR.ORG. THE FORM 990 IS LIKEWISE PUBLISHED ON THE INTERNET AT WWW.GUIDESTAR.ORG. THE FOUNDATION'S FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ARE MADE AVAILABLE IN ITS ANNUAL REPORT AND ON ITS WEBSITE. THE FOUNDATION'S GOVERNING DOCUMENTS AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY ARE NOT ORDINARILY MADE AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC, BUT, IF REQUESTED WILL BE PROVIDED AT MANAGEMENT'S DISCRETION. |
| FORM 990, PART XI, LINE 9: | OVERACCRUAL OF GRANT EXPENSE 329,258. WRITE OFF OF UNCOLLECTIBLE PLEDGES -555,421. |
| FORM 990, PART XII, LINE 2C: | THE ORGANIZATION HAS A COMMITTEE THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OVERSIGHT OF THE AUDIT OF ITS FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SELECTION OF AN INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANT. THE PROCESS HAS NOT CHANGED FROM THE PRIOR YEAR. |
| PART IX, LINES 1-3 | THE FOUNDATION FOR AIDS RESEARCH REPORTS ITS GRANTS NET OF GRANT RETURNS OR RECOVERIES. PERIODICALLY, GRANTS REMITTED TO CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS ARE RETURNED TO AMFAR FOR A VARIETY OF REASONS. ON SCHEDULES F & I, GRANTS ARE REPORTED IRRESPECTIVE OF WHETHER THEY WERE ULTIMATELY RETURNED TO AMFAR SINCE CATEGORIZING THE "RETURNED" AMOUNTS WOULD BE TIME CONSUMING. THEREFORE, AMOUNTS REPORTED ON PART IX, LINE 1 WILL NOT TIE TO TOTAL GRANTS ON SCHEDULE I; AMOUNTS REPORTED ON PART IX, LINE 3 WILL NOT TIE TO TOTAL GRANTS ON SCHEDULE F. |
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