TY 2023 Form 990

(A)
Name and title

(B)
Average hours per week (list any hours for related organizations below dotted line)

(D)
Reportable compensation from the organization (W-2/1099-MISC/1099-NEC)

(E)
Reportable compensation from related organizations (W-2/1099-MISC/1099-NEC)

(F)
Estimated amount of other compensation from the organization and related organizations

(1) Julie Leftwich Esq......................................................................
Executive Dir.

40.00
.................
0.00

103,350

(2) Honorable Marilyn Zayas......................................................................
Director

1.00
.................
0.00

(3) Kurt L Grossman Esq......................................................................
Secretary

2.00
.................
0.00

(4) Danya Karram......................................................................
President

2.00
.................
0.00

(5) James P Buchanan PhD......................................................................
Vice President

2.00
.................
0.00

(6) Karin Goitman......................................................................
Director

1.00
.................
0.00

(7) Michael Hawkins Esq......................................................................
Director

2.00
.................
0.00

(8) John Stein......................................................................
Treasurer

2.00
.................
0.00

(9) Jennifer Grubbs......................................................................
Director

1.00
.................
0.00

(10) Simon Svirmovskiy Esq......................................................................
Director

1.00
.................
0.00

(11) Sarah Topy Esq......................................................................
Director

1.00
.................
0.00

(12) Emily R Cashell Esq......................................................................
Director

1.00
.................
0.00

(13) Walter E Spiegel Esq......................................................................
Director

1.00
.................
0.00

(14) Sandra Spinner Ended 52023......................................................................
Director

1.00
.................
0.00

(A)
Name and title

(B)
Average hours per week (list any hours for related organizations below dotted line)

(D)
Reportable compensation from the organization (W-2/1099-MISC/1099-NEC)

(E)
Reportable compensation from related organizations (W-2/1099-MISC/1099-NEC)

(F)
Estimated amount of other compensation from the organization and related organizations

(A)
Name and business address

(B)
Description of services

Total number of independent contractors (including but not limited to those listed above) who received more than $100,000 of compensation from the organization 0

- TIN:

SCHEDULE A
(Form 990)

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service

Public Charity Status and Public Support

Complete if the organization is a section 501(c)(3) organization or a section 4947(a)(1) nonexempt charitable trust.
right arrow

Attach to Form 990 or Form 990-EZ.
right arrow

Go to www.irs.gov/Form990 for instructions and the latest information.

OMB No. 1545-0047

2023

Open to Public
Inspection

Name of the organization

Immigrant & Refugee Law Center

Employer identification number

82-2744813

Part I

Reason for Public Charity Status (All organizations must complete this part.) See instructions.

The organization is not a private foundation because it is: (For lines 1 through 12, check only one box.)

A church, convention of churches, or association of churches described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(i).

A school described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(ii). (Attach Schedule E (Form 990).)

A hospital or a cooperative hospital service organization described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(iii).

A medical research organization operated in conjunction with a hospital described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(iii). Enter the hospital's name, city, and state:

An organization operated for the benefit of a college or university owned or operated by a governmental unit described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(iv). (Complete Part II.)

A federal, state, or local government or governmental unit described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(v).

An organization that normally receives a substantial part of its support from a governmental unit or from the general public described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(vi). (Complete Part II.)

A community trust described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(vi). (Complete Part II.)

An agricultural research organization described in 170(b)(1)(A)(ix) operated in conjunction with a land-grant college or university or a non-land grant college of agriculture. See instructions. Enter the name, city, and state of the college or university:

An organization that normally receives: (1) more than 33 1/3% of its support from contributions, membership fees, and gross receipts from activities related to its exempt functions—subject to certain exceptions, and (2) no more than 33 1/3% of its support from gross investment income and unrelated business taxable income (less section 511 tax) from businesses acquired by the organization after June 30, 1975. See section 509(a)(2). (Complete Part III.)

An organization organized and operated exclusively to test for public safety. See section 509(a)(4).

An organization organized and operated exclusively for the benefit of, to perform the functions of, or to carry out the purposes of one or more publicly supported organizations described in section 509(a)(1) or section 509(a)(2). See section 509(a)(3). Check the box on lines 12a through 12d that describes the type of supporting organization and complete lines 12e, 12f, and 12g.

Type I. A supporting organization operated, supervised, or controlled by its supported organization(s), typically by giving the supported organization(s) the power to regularly appoint or elect a majority of the directors or trustees of the supporting organization. You must complete Part IV, Sections A and B.

Type II. A supporting organization supervised or controlled in connection with its supported organization(s), by having control or management of the supporting organization vested in the same persons that control or manage the supported organization(s). You must complete Part IV, Sections A and C.

Type III functionally integrated. A supporting organization operated in connection with, and functionally integrated with, its supported organization(s) (see instructions). You must complete Part IV, Sections A, D, and E.

Type III non-functionally integrated. A supporting organization operated in connection with its supported organization(s) that is not functionally integrated. The organization generally must satisfy a distribution requirement and an attentiveness requirement (see instructions). You must complete Part IV, Sections A and D, and Part V.

Check this box if the organization received a written determination from the IRS that it is a Type I, Type II, Type III functionally integrated, or Type III non-functionally integrated supporting organization.

Enter the number of supported organizations ...............................

Provide the following information about the supported organization(s).

(i) Name of supported organization	(ii) EIN	(iv) Is the organization listed in your governing document?		(v) Amount of monetary support (see instructions)	(vi) Amount of other support (see instructions)
(i) Name of supported organization	(ii) EIN	Yes	No	(v) Amount of monetary support (see instructions)	(vi) Amount of other support (see instructions)


Total

For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see the Instructions for
Form 990 or 990-EZ.

Cat. No. 11285F

Schedule A (Form 990) 2023

Page 2

Part II

Support Schedule for Organizations Described in Sections 170(b)(1)(A)(iv) and 170(b)(1)(A)(vi)
(Complete only if you checked the box on line 5, 7, or 8 of Part I or if the organization failed to qualify under Part III. If the organization failed to qualify under the tests listed below, please complete Part III.)

Section A. Public Support

Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in)		(a) 2019	(b) 2020	(c) 2021	(d) 2022	(e) 2023	(f) Total
1	Gifts, grants, contributions, and membership fees received. (Do not include any "unusual grant.") ..	208,352	307,085	350,177	433,024	405,104	1,703,742
2	Tax revenues levied for the organization's benefit and either paid to or expended on its behalf ....						0
3	The value of services or facilities furnished by a governmental unit to the organization without charge..						0
4	Total. Add lines 1 through 3	208,352	307,085	350,177	433,024	405,104	1,703,742
5	The portion of total contributions by each person (other than a governmental unit or publicly supported organization) included on line 1 that exceeds 2% of the amount shown on line 11, column (f) ..						0
6	Public support. Subtract line 5 from line 4.						1,703,742

Section B. Total Support

Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in)		(a) 2019	(b) 2020	(c) 2021	(d) 2022	(e) 2023	(f) Total
7	Amounts from line 4..	208,352	307,085	350,177	433,024	405,104	1,703,742
8	Gross income from interest, dividends, payments received on securities loans, rents, royalties and income from similar sources...			9	595	2,099	2,703
9	Net income from unrelated business activities, whether or not the business is regularly carried on..						0
10	Other income. Do not include gain or loss from the sale of capital assets (Explain in Part VI.)..	650	1,626	2,808	5,806	495	11,385
11	Total support. Add lines 7 through 10						1,717,830

Gross receipts from related activities, etc. (see instructions) ..................

First 5 years. If the Form 990 is for the organization's first, second, third, fourth, or fifth tax year as a section 501(c)(3) organization, check this box and stop here ........................................ right arrow

Section C. Computation of Public Support Percentage

Public support percentage for 2023 (line 6, column (f) divided by line 11, column (f)) .........

99.180 %

Public support percentage for 2022 Schedule A, Part II, line 14 ...............

79.050 %

16a

33 1/3% support test—2023. If the organization did not check the box on line 13, and line 14 is 33 1/3% or more, check this box
and stop here. The organization qualifies as a publicly supported organization ....................... right arrow

33 1/3% support test—2022. If the organization did not check a box on line 13 or 16a, and line 15 is 33 1/3% or more, check this
box and stop here. The organization qualifies as a publicly supported organization ..................... right arrow

17a

10%-facts-and-circumstances test—2023. If the organization did not check a box on line 13, 16a, or 16b, and line 14 is 10% or more, and if the organization meets the "facts-and-circumstances" test, check this box and stop here. Explain in Part VI how the organization meets the "facts-and-circumstances" test. The organization qualifies as a publicly supported organization ............ right arrow

10%-facts-and-circumstances test—2022. If the organization did not check a box on line 13, 16a, 16b, or 17a, and line 15 is 10% or more, and if the organization meets the "facts-and-circumstances" test, check this box and stop here. Explain in Part VI how the organization meets the "facts-and-circumstances" test. The organization qualifies as a publicly supported organization ............ right arrow

Private foundation. If the organization did not check a box on line 13, 16a, 16b, 17a, or 17b, check this box and see
instructions ..................................................... right arrow

Schedule A (Form 990) 2023

Page 3

Part III

Support Schedule for Organizations Described in Section 509(a)(2)
(Complete only if you checked the box on line 10 of Part I or if the organization failed to qualify under Part II. If the organization fails to qualify under the tests listed below, please complete Part II.)

Section A. Public Support

Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in)		(a) 2019	(b) 2020	(c) 2021	(d) 2022	(e) 2023	(f) Total
1	Gifts, grants, contributions, and membership fees received. (Do not include any "unusual grants.") .
2	Gross receipts from admissions, merchandise sold or services performed, or facilities furnished in any activity that is related to the organization's tax-exempt purpose
3	Gross receipts from activities that are not an unrelated trade or business under section 513 .....
4	Tax revenues levied for the organization's benefit and either paid to or expended on its behalf...
5	The value of services or facilities furnished by a governmental unit to the organization without charge
6	Total. Add lines 1 through 5
7a	Amounts included on lines 1, 2, and 3 received from disqualified persons
b	Amounts included on lines 2 and 3 received from other than disqualified persons that exceed the greater of $5,000 or 1% of the amount on line 13 for the year.
c	Add lines 7a and 7b..
8	Public support. (Subtract line 7c from line 6.)

Section B. Total Support

Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in)		(a) 2019	(b) 2020	(c) 2021	(d) 2022	(e) 2023	(f) Total
9	Amounts from line 6...
10a	Gross income from interest, dividends, payments received on securities loans, rents, royalties and income from similar sources..
b	Unrelated business taxable income (less section 511 taxes) from businesses acquired after June 30, 1975.
c	Add lines 10a and 10b.
11	Net income from unrelated business activities not included on line 10b, whether or not the business is regularly carried on.
12	Other income. Do not include gain or loss from the sale of capital assets (Explain in Part VI.) ..
13	Total support. (Add lines 9, 10c, 11, and 12.)..

First 5 years. If the Form 990 is for the organization's first, second, third, fourth, or fifth tax year as a section 501(c)(3) organization, check this box and stop here................................................. right arrow

Section C. Computation of Public Support Percentage

Public support percentage for 2023 (line 8, column (f) divided by line 13, column (f)) .........

Public support percentage from 2022 Schedule A, Part III, line 15 ...............

Section D. Computation of Investment Income Percentage

Investment income percentage for 2023 (line 10c, column (f) divided by line 13, column (f)) ......

Investment income percentage from 2022 Schedule A, Part III, line 17 .............

19a

33 1/3% support tests-2023. If the organization did not check the box on line 14, and line 15 is more than 33 1/3%, and line 17 is not more than 33 1/3%, check this box and stop here. The organization qualifies as a publicly supported organization ....... right arrow

33 1/3 % support tests—2022. If the organization did not check a box on line 14 or line 19a, and line 16 is more than 33 1/3% and line 18 is not more than 33 1/3%, check this box and stop here. The organization qualifies as a publicly supported organization ..... right arrow

Private foundation. If the organization did not check a box on line 14, 19a, or 19b, check this box and see instructions .... right arrow

Schedule A (Form 990) 2023

Page 4

Part IV

Supporting Organizations

(Complete only if you checked a box on line 12 of Part I. If you checked box 12a, of Part I, complete Sections A and B. If you checked box 12b, of Part I, complete Sections A and C. If you checked box 12c, of Part I, complete Sections A, D, and E. If you checked box12d, of Part I, complete Sections A and D, and complete Part V.)

Section A. All Supporting Organizations

Yes

Are all of the organization’s supported organizations listed by name in the organization’s governing documents?
If "No," describe in Part VI how the supported organizations are designated. If designated by class or purpose,
describe the designation. If historic and continuing relationship, explain.

Did the organization have any supported organization that does not have an IRS determination of status under section 509(a)(1) or (2)? If "Yes," explain in Part VI how the organization determined that the supported organization was described in section 509(a)(1) or (2).

Did the organization have a supported organization described in section 501(c)(4), (5), or (6)? If "Yes," answer lines 3b and 3c below.

Did the organization confirm that each supported organization qualified under section 501(c)(4), (5), or (6) and satisfied the public support tests under section 509(a)(2)? If "Yes," describe in Part VI when and how the organization made the determination.

Did the organization ensure that all support to such organizations was used exclusively for section 170(c)(2)(B) purposes? If "Yes," explain in Part VI what controls the organization put in place to ensure such use.

Was any supported organization not organized in the United States ("foreign supported organization")? If “Yes” and if you checked box 12a or 12b in Part I, answer lines 4b and 4c below.

Did the organization have ultimate control and discretion in deciding whether to make grants to the foreign supported organization? If “Yes,” describe in Part VI how the organization had such control and discretion despite being controlled or supervised by or in connection with its supported organizations.

Did the organization support any foreign supported organization that does not have an IRS determination under sections 501(c)(3) and 509(a)(1) or (2)? If “Yes,” explain in Part VI what controls the organization used to ensure that all support to the foreign supported organization was used exclusively for section 170(c)(2)(B) purposes.

Did the organization add, substitute, or remove any supported organizations during the tax year? If “Yes,” answer lines 5b and 5c below (if applicable). Also, provide detail in Part VI, including (i) the names and EIN numbers of the supported organizations added, substituted, or removed; (ii) the reasons for each such action; (iii) the authority under the organization's organizing document authorizing such action; and (iv) how the action was accomplished (such as by amendment to the organizing document).

Type I or Type II only. Was any added or substituted supported organization part of a class already designated in the organization's organizing document?

Substitutions only. Was the substitution the result of an event beyond the organization's control?

Did the organization provide support (whether in the form of grants or the provision of services or facilities) to anyone other than (i) its supported organizations, (ii) individuals that are part of the charitable class benefited by one or more of its supported organizations, or (iii) other supporting organizations that also support or benefit one or more of the filing organization’s supported organizations? If “Yes,” provide detail in Part VI.

Did the organization provide a grant, loan, compensation, or other similar payment to a substantial contributor (defined in section 4958(c)(3)(C)), a family member of a substantial contributor, or a 35% controlled entity with regard to a substantial contributor? If “Yes,” complete Part I of Schedule L (Form 990) .

Did the organization make a loan to a disqualified person (as defined in section 4958) not described on line 7? If “Yes,” complete Part I of Schedule L (Form 990).

Was the organization controlled directly or indirectly at any time during the tax year by one or more disqualified persons, as defined in section 4946 (other than foundation managers and organizations described in section 509(a)(1) or (2))? If “Yes,” provide detail in Part VI.

Did one or more disqualified persons (as defined on line 9a) hold a controlling interest in any entity in which the supporting organization had an interest? If “Yes,” provide detail in Part VI.

Did a disqualified person (as defined on line 9a) have an ownership interest in, or derive any personal benefit from, assets in which the supporting organization also had an interest? If “Yes,” provide detail in Part VI.

10a

Was the organization subject to the excess business holdings rules of section 4943 because of section 4943(f) (regarding certain Type II supporting organizations, and all Type III non-functionally integrated supporting organizations)? If “Yes,” answer line 10b below.

10a

Did the organization have any excess business holdings in the tax year? (Use Schedule C, Form 4720, to determine whether the organization had excess business holdings).

10b

Schedule A (Form 990) 2023

Page 5

Part IV

Supporting Organizations (continued)

Yes

Has the organization accepted a gift or contribution from any of the following persons?

A person who directly or indirectly controls, either alone or together with persons described on lines 11b and 11c below, the governing body of a supported organization?

11a

A family member of a person described on 11a above?

11b

A 35% controlled entity of a person described on line 11a or 11b above? If “Yes” to 11a, 11b, or 11c, provide detail in Part VI.

11c

Section B. Type I Supporting Organizations

Yes

Did the officers, directors, trustees, or membership of one or more supported organizations have the power to regularly appoint or elect at least a majority of the organization’s directors or trustees at all times during the tax year? If “No,” describe in Part VI how the supported organization(s) effectively operated, supervised, or controlled the organization’s activities. If the organization had more than one supported organization, describe how the powers to appoint and/or remove directors or trustees were allocated among the supported organizations and what conditions or restrictions, if any, applied to such powers during the tax year.

Did the organization operate for the benefit of any supported organization other than the supported organization(s) that operated, supervised, or controlled the supporting organization? If “Yes,” explain in Part VI how providing such benefit carried out the purposes of the supported organization(s) that operated, supervised or controlled the supporting organization.

Section C. Type II Supporting Organizations

Yes

Were a majority of the organization’s directors or trustees during the tax year also a majority of the directors or trustees of each of the organization’s supported organization(s)? If “No,” describe in Part VI how control or management of the supporting organization was vested in the same persons that controlled or managed the supported organization(s).

Section D. All Type III Supporting Organizations

Yes

Did the organization provide to each of its supported organizations, by the last day of the fifth month of the organization’s tax year, (i) a written notice describing the type and amount of support provided during the prior tax year, (ii) a copy of the Form 990 that was most recently filed as of the date of notification, and (iii) copies of the organization’s governing documents in effect on the date of notification, to the extent not previously provided?

Were any of the organization’s officers, directors, or trustees either (i) appointed or elected by the supported organization(s) or (ii) serving on the governing body of a supported organization? If "No," explain in Part VI how the organization maintained a close and continuous working relationship with the supported organization(s).

By reason of the relationship described in line 2 above, did the organization’s supported organizations have a significant voice in the organization’s investment policies and in directing the use of the organization’s income or assets at all times during the tax year? If "Yes," describe in Part VI the role the organization’s supported organizations played in this regard.

Section E. Type III Functionally-Integrated Supporting Organizations

Check the box next to the method that the organization used to satisfy the Integral Part Test during the year (see instructions):

The organization satisfied the Activities Test. Complete line 2 below.

The organization is the parent of each of its supported organizations. Complete line 3 below.

The organization supported a governmental entity. Describe in Part VI how you supported a government entity (see instructions)

Activities Test. Answer lines 2a and 2b below.

Yes

Did substantially all of the organization’s activities during the tax year directly further the exempt purposes of the supported organization(s) to which the organization was responsive? If "Yes," then in Part VI identify those supported organizations and explain how these activities directly furthered their exempt purposes, how the organization was responsive to those supported organizations, and how the organization determined that these activities constituted substantially all of its activities.

Did the activities described on line 2a, above constitute activities that, but for the organization’s involvement, one or more of the organization’s supported organization(s) would have been engaged in? If "Yes," explain in Part VI the reasons for the organization’s position that its supported organization(s) would have engaged in these activities but for the organization’s involvement.

Parent of Supported Organizations. Answer lines 3a and 3b below.

Did the organization have the power to regularly appoint or elect a majority of the officers, directors, or trustees of each of the supported organizations?If "Yes" or "No", provide details in Part VI.

Did the organization exercise a substantial degree of direction over the policies, programs and activities of each of its supported organizations? If "Yes," describe in Part VI. the role played by the organization in this regard.

Schedule A (Form 990) 2023

Page 6

Part V

Type III Non-Functionally Integrated 509(a)(3) Supporting Organizations

Check here if the organization satisfied the Integral Part Test as a qualifying trust on Nov. 20, 1970 (explain in Part VI). See instructions. All other Type III non-functionally integrated supporting organizations must complete Sections A through E.

	Section A - Adjusted Net Income		(A) Prior Year	(B) Current Year (optional)
1	Net short-term capital gain	1
2	Recoveries of prior-year distributions	2
3	Other gross income (see instructions)	3
4	Add lines 1 through 3	4
5	Depreciation and depletion	5
6	Portion of operating expenses paid or incurred for production or collection of gross income or for management, conservation, or maintenance of property held for production of income (see instructions)	6
7	Other expenses (see instructions)	7
8	Adjusted Net Income (subtract lines 5, 6 and 7 from line 4)	8

	Section B - Minimum Asset Amount		(A) Prior Year	(B) Current Year (optional)
1	Aggregate fair market value of all non-exempt-use assets (see instructions for short tax year or assets held for part of year):	1
a	Average monthly value of securities	1a
b	Average monthly cash balances	1b
c	Fair market value of other non-exempt-use assets	1c
d	Total (add lines 1a, 1b, and 1c)	1d
e	Discount claimed for blockage or other factors (explain in detail in Part VI):
2	Acquisition indebtedness applicable to non-exempt use assets	2
3	Subtract line 2 from line 1d	3
4	Cash deemed held for exempt use. Enter 0.015 of line 3 (for greater amount, see instructions).	4
5	Net value of non-exempt-use assets (subtract line 4 from line 3)	5
6	Multiply line 5 by 0.035	6
7	Recoveries of prior-year distributions	7
8	Minimum Asset Amount (add line 7 to line 6)	8

	Section C - Distributable Amount		Current Year
1	Adjusted net income for prior year (from Section A, line 8, Column A)	1
2	Enter 85% of line 1	2
3	Minimum asset amount for prior year (from Section B, line 8, Column A)	3
4	Enter greater of line 2 or line 3	4
5	Income tax imposed in prior year	5
6	Distributable Amount. Subtract line 5 from line 4, unless subject to emergency temporary reduction (see instructions)	6

Check here if the current year is the organization's first as a non-functionally-integrated Type III supporting organization (see instructions)

Schedule A (Form 990) 2023

Page 7

Part V

Type III Non-Functionally Integrated 509(a)(3) Supporting Organizations(continued)

Section D - Distributions		Current Year
1 Amounts paid to supported organizations to accomplish exempt purposes	1
2 Amounts paid to perform activity that directly furthers exempt purposes of supported organizations, in excess of income from activity	2
3 Administrative expenses paid to accomplish exempt purposes of supported organizations	3
4 Amounts paid to acquire exempt-use assets	4
5 Qualified set-aside amounts (prior IRS approval required - provide details in Part VI)	5
6 Other distributions (describe in Part VI). See instructions	6
7Total annual distributions. Add lines 1 through 6.	7
8 Distributions to attentive supported organizations to which the organization is responsive (provide details in Part VI). See instructions	8
9 Distributable amount for 2023 from Section C, line 6	9
10 Line 8 amount divided by Line 9 amount	10

Section E - Distribution Allocations (see instructions)		(i) Excess Distributions	(ii) Underdistributions Pre-2023	(iii) Distributable Amount for 2023
1 Distributable amount for 2023 from Section C, line 6
2 Underdistributions, if any, for years prior to 2023 (reasonable cause required-- explain in Part VI). See instructions.
3 Excess distributions carryover, if any, to 2023:
a From 2018.......
b From 2019.......
c From 2020.......
d From 2021.......
e From 2022.......
fTotal of lines 3a through e
g Applied to underdistributions of prior years
h Applied to 2023 distributable amount
i Carryover from 2018 not applied (see instructions)
j Remainder. Subtract lines 3g, 3h, and 3i from line 3f.
4Distributions for 2023 from Section D, line 7:
$
a Applied to underdistributions of prior years
b Applied to 2023 distributable amount
c Remainder. Subtract lines 4a and 4b from line 4.
5 Remaining underdistributions for years prior to 2023, if any. Subtract lines 3g and 4a from line 2. If the amount is greater than zero, explain in Part VI. See instructions.
6 Remaining underdistributions for 2023. Subtract lines 3h and 4b from line 1. If the amount is greater than zero, explain in Part VI. See instructions.
7 Excess distributions carryover to 2024. Add lines 3j and 4c.
8 Breakdown of line 7:
a Excess from 2019.....
b Excess from 2020.....
c Excess from 2021.....
d Excess from 2022.....
e Excess from 2023.....

Schedule A (Form 990) (2023)

Schedule A (Form 990) 2023

Page 8

Part VI

Supplemental Information. Provide the explanations required by Part II, line 10; Part II, line 17a or 17b; Part III, line 12; Part IV, Section A, lines 1, 2, 3b, 3c, 4b, 4c, 5a, 6, 9a, 9b, 9c, 11a, 11b, and 11c; Part IV, Section B, lines 1 and 2; Part IV, Section C, line 1; Part IV, Section D, lines 2 and 3; Part IV, Section E, lines 1c, 2a, 2b, 3a and 3b; Part V, line 1; Part V, Section B, line 1e; Part V Section D, lines 5, 6, and 8; and Part V, Section E, lines 2, 5, and 6. Also complete this part for any additional information. (See instructions).

Facts And Circumstances Test

Return Reference	Explanation

Schedule A (Form 990) 2023

Additional Data

Software ID:	23017518
Software Version:	2023v5.1

- TIN:

SCHEDULE O
(Form 990)

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service

Supplemental Information to Form 990 or 990-EZ

Complete to provide information for responses to specific questions on
Form 990 or 990-EZ or to provide any additional information.
Attach to Form 990 or 990-EZ.
Go to www.irs.gov/Form990 for the latest information.

OMB No. 1545-0047

2023

Open to Public
Inspection

Name of the organization

Immigrant & Refugee Law Center

Employer identification number

82-2744813

Return Reference	Explanation
Form 990, Part III, Line 2	In the fall of 2023, IRLC launched its Unaccompanied Children's Program to assist children who have been released to sponsors in the Greater Cincinnati area and now need representation to help them obtain legal status.
Form 990, Part VI, Section B, Line 11b	Form 990 is prepared by IRLC's outside accounting firm, and then reviewed by the Executive Director and the Board prior to filing.
Form 990, Part VI, Section B, Line 12c	Officers are required to disclose any conflicts of interest annually.
Form 990, Part VI, Section B, Line 15a	The Board of Directors reviews officeer salary annually as part of it's budgeting process and approves salary for the upcoming year.
Form 990, Part VI, Section C, Line 19	IRLC's documents are made available upon request.
Form 990, Part XII, Line 1	IRLC has chosen to move to the accrual basis of accounting as of 12/31/2023 calendar year.
Form 990, Part III, Line 4a - Pro Bono Expanded Information	In response to the urgent, unmet need for legal services for immigrant and refugee families in Cincinnati, the Immigrant and Refugee Law Center (IRLC) began operations in February 2018. IRLC is a one-of-a-kind community based nonprofit organization that provides critical pro bono legal services across a spectrum of humanitarian immigration needs for low-income immigrant and refugee families in the Greater Cincinnati region to stabilize families and secure children's futures. Our clients are low-income immigrants, asylum seekers, and refugees, including unaccompanied minors and survivors of domestic violence and other serious crimes. After making the arduous and often dangerous journeys to safety, individuals and families face a plethora of challenges, including an incredibly complex legal system, possible deportation and family separation, and barriers to employment, housing, and education. IRLC is the only dedicated pro bono immigration legal services provider in the region for low-income immigrant and refugee families pursuing citizenship, legal permanent residency, asylum, employment authorization, Special Immigrant Juvenile Status, DACA, temporary protected status, and family unification. Families rely on IRLC to help them navigate the complex and expensive legal system; and immigration cases with legal representation are not only more likely to receive a fair hearing, but are also five times more likely to win their case. Since opening its doors in Roberts Academy in February 2018, IRLC has had a tremendous impact on the community. In 2023, IRLC celebrated its 5-year anniversary, during these 5 years, we have processed over 1415 cases with a very small staff, impacting hundreds of families, including nearly 1200 children. Our clients come from 87 different countries. We have families in more than 66 schools throughout Greater Cincinnati and have done 129 youth programs and Know Your Rights programs to educate the community. And we have trained over 318 law students, interns, and volunteer attorneys - helping to shape the future of immigration advocacy and tremendously increasing the capacity of our legal community. All clients are considered economically disadvantaged, with an annual income below 200% FPL; 96% of our clients identify as Hispanic, Black, or Asian. Each year since opening, our caseload has grown. In 2023, IRLC served more than 373 clients and opened 210 new cases, which was a 14% increase from 2021.
Form 990, Part III, Line 4b - Unaccompanied Children Expanded inform	In 2023 IRLC launched the Unaccompanied Children's Program. Each year, thousands of unaccompanied children, many fleeing unspeakable violence in their countries, come to the U.S. In the fall of 2023, IRLC launched its Unaccompanied Children?s Program to assist children who have been released to sponsors in the Greater Cincinnati area and now need representation to help them obtain legal status. IRLC is proud to partner with the Acacia Center for Justice, which works to preserve the rights of tens of thousands of migrant children through a network of legal service providers throughout the U.S. Children arriving in the U.S. may be eligible for Special Immigrant Juvenile Status, asylum, or other immigration relief. Each child needs and deserves to understand their rights and know their legal options. IRLC's Unaccompanied Children's Program strives to provide these services to as many children as possible. Also, in 2023 IRLC participated in 50 local outreach and education programs, including the Entrepreneur Mentoring Program for ESL Students, this program provides resources for immigrant and refugee students in Cincinnati Public Schools to improve four-year graduation rates among English learners and multicultural students. It creates opportunities for immigrant children by providing resources and tools to become entrepreneurs and connecting them to IRLC to explore any immigration remedies available to children. IRLC has also partnered with Hamilton County Children's Services (CPS) to provide legal services to children victims of abuse, neglect, and/or abandonment. IRLC has trained about 90 CPS caseworkers to identify potential immigration paths for children and to refer them to IRLC. It is crucial for children to have access to legal Resources and services during this vulnerable time. Many of IRLC's clients have fled persecution and other adverse conditions to seek protection and a better life in the U.S. However, the exploitation often does not stop at the border. Migrant women and children are especially vulnerable to traffickers and other individuals who exploit and endanger them once they are here. Unfortunately, migrant juveniles easily fall off any advocacy radar. Because of the work that IRLC has undertaken with migrant women and juveniles who are at risk, we have become aware of several trends linked to trafficking and the exploitation of migrant women and children in the U.S. We are working on expanding our services to combat this ongoing exploitation, building on our innovative programs. IRLC continuously evolves its services to meet the needs of the community. It has been able to have such a tremendous impact because of its unique programming. From its school-based model, to its Team SIJS program - a holistic process to offer immigration relief to non-citizen youth who have been abused or neglected here in the United States that works with court appointed attorneys, foster parents, police, prosecutors, therapists, the guardian ad litem and case workers who are involved in a child?s case; to a medico-legal partnership with the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine that provides much needed evaluations for clients; to its highly valued internship program, IRLC is doing things that no other organization does.

For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see the Instructions for Form 990 or 990-EZ.

Cat. No. 51056K

Schedule O (Form 990) 2023

Additional Data

Software ID:	23017518
Software Version:	2023v5.1

		Prior Year	Current Year
8	Contributions and grants (Part VIII, line 1h) .........	433,024	405,104
9	Program service revenue (Part VIII, line 2g) .........		168,591
10	Investment income (Part VIII, column (A), lines 3, 4, and 7d ) ....	595	2,099
11	Other revenue (Part VIII, column (A), lines 5, 6d, 8c, 9c, 10c, and 11e)	5,806	495
12	Total revenue—add lines 8 through 11 (must equal Part VIII, column (A), line 12)	439,425	576,289
13	Grants and similar amounts paid (Part IX, column (A), lines 1–3 )...		0
14	Benefits paid to or for members (Part IX, column (A), line 4).....		0
15	Salaries, other compensation, employee benefits (Part IX, column (A), lines 5–10)	321,757	457,126
16a	Professional fundraising fees (Part IX, column (A), line 11e) .....		0
b	Total fundraising expenses (Part IX, column (D), line 25) 42,036
17	Other expenses (Part IX, column (A), lines 11a–11d, 11f–24e)....	71,653	178,982
18	Total expenses. Add lines 13–17 (must equal Part IX, column (A), line 25)	393,410	636,108
19	Revenue less expenses. Subtract line 18 from line 12.......	46,015	-59,819
		Beginning of Current Year	End of Year
20	Total assets (Part X, line 16).............	294,298	259,380
21	Total liabilities (Part X, line 26).............	7,749	27,209
22	Net assets or fund balances. Subtract line 21 from line 20.....	286,549	232,171

Sign Here

	Signature of officer	Date

	Type or print name and title


4a	(Code: ) (Expenses $ 362,800 including grants of $ ) (Revenue $ )
	Pro Bono Legal Services: In 2023, IRLC celebrated its 5-year anniversary, during these 5 years, we have processed over 1415 cases with a very small staff, impacting hundreds of families, including nearly 1200 children. Our clients come from 87 different countries. We have families in more than 66 schools throughout Greater Cincinnati and have done 129 youth programs and Know Your Rights programs to educate the community. And we have trained over 318 law students, interns, and volunteer attorneys - helping to shape the future of immigration advocacy and tremendously increasing the capacity of our legal community. (see schedule O for additional information)

4b	(Code: ) (Expenses $ 72,431 including grants of $ ) (Revenue $ )
	In 2023 IRLC launched the Unaccompanied Children's Program to assist children who have been released to sponsors in the Greater Cincinnati area and now need representation to help them obtain legal status.- (see schedule O for additional information)

4c	(Code: ) (Expenses $ including grants of $ ) (Revenue $ )












4d	Other program services (Describe in Schedule O.)
	(Expenses $ including grants of $ ) (Revenue $ )
4e	Total program service expenses435,231

1b	Sub-Total..............
c	Total from continuation sheets to Part VII, Section A..
d	Total (add lines 1b and 1c).........	103,350

1a	Federated campaigns..		1a
b	Membership dues..		1b
c	Fundraising events..		1c
d	Related organizations		1d
e	Government grants (contributions)		1e

f	All other contributions, gifts, grants, and similar amounts not included above		1f	405,104

g	Noncash contributions included in lines 1a - 1f:$		1g

h Total. Add lines 1a-1f.......		405,104

1	Briefly describe the organization’s mission or most significant activities: The Immigrant and Refugee Law Center provides accessible legal services to immigrant and refugee families in the Greater Cincinnati community.
2	Check this box
3	Number of voting members of the governing body (Part VI, line 1a) ........	3	12
4	Number of independent voting members of the governing body (Part VI, line 1b) .....	4	10
5	Total number of individuals employed in calendar year 2023 (Part V, line 2a) ......	5	10
6	Total number of volunteers (estimate if necessary) .............	6	24
7a	Total unrelated business revenue from Part VIII, column (C), line 12 ........	7a	0
b	Net unrelated business taxable income from Form 990-T, Part I, line 11 .........	7b

(A) Name and business address	(B) Description of services	(C) Compensation





2 Total number of independent contractors (including but not limited to those listed above) who received more than $100,000 of compensation from the organization 0

		Business Code
2a	Administrative Fee	561000	8,746	8,746
b	Contract Revenue	541100	159,845	159,845
c
d
e
f	All other program service revenue.
g	Total. Add lines 2a–2f .....		168,591

3 Investment income (including dividends, interest, and othersimilar amounts) ......			2,099			2,099
4 Income from investment of tax-exempt bond proceeds			0
5 Royalties...........			0
			(i) Real	(ii) Personal
6a	Gross rents	6a
b	Less: rental expenses	6b
c	Rental income or (loss)	6c
d	Net rental income or (loss).......			0
			(i) Securities	(ii) Other
7a	Gross amount from sales of assets other than inventory	7a
b	Less: cost or other basis and sales expenses	7b
c	Gain or (loss)	7c
d	Net gain or (loss).........			0
8a	Gross income from fundraising events (not including $ of contributions reported on line 1c). See Part IV, line 18 ....
			8a
b	Less: direct expenses ...		8b
c	Net income or (loss) from fundraising events..			0
9a	Gross income from gaming activities. See Part IV, line 19 ...
			9a
b	Less: direct expenses ...		9b
c	Net income or (loss) from gaming activities..			0
10a	Gross sales of inventory, less returns and allowances ..
			10a
b	Less: cost of goods sold ..		10b
c	Net income or (loss) from sales of inventory..			0

Business Code
11a	Miscellaneous			495			495
b
c
d	All other revenue ....
e	Total. Add lines 11a–11d ......			495
12	Total revenue. See instructions.....			576,289	168,591		2,594

1	Grants and other assistance to domestic organizations and domestic governments. See Part IV, line 21 ....	0
2	Grants and other assistance to domestic individuals. See Part IV, line 22 ...........	0
3	Grants and other assistance to foreign organizations, foreign governments, and foreign individuals. See Part IV, lines 15 and 16. .............	0
4	Benefits paid to or for members .......	0
5	Compensation of current officers, directors, trustees, and key employees ...........	103,350	77,513	20,670	5,167
6	Compensation not included above, to disqualified persons (as defined under section 4958(f)(1)) and persons described in section 4958(c)(3)(B) .........	0
7	Other salaries and wages........	278,458	208,843	55,692	13,923
8	Pension plan accruals and contributions (include section 401(k) and 403(b) employer contributions) ....	0
9	Other employee benefits .......	0
10	Payroll taxes ...........	75,318	56,489	15,063	3,766
11	Fees for services (non-employees):
a	Management ......	0
b	Legal .........	0
c	Accounting ...........	21,285		21,285
d	Lobbying ...........	0
e	Professional fundraising services. See Part IV, line 17	0
f	Investment management fees ......	0
g	Other (If line 11g amount exceeds 10% of line 25, column (A) amount, list line 11g expenses on Schedule O)	0
12	Advertising and promotion ....	17,943	13,457	3,589	897
13	Office expenses .......	18,708	14,031	3,742	935
14	Information technology ......	20,479	15,359	4,096	1,024
15	Royalties ..	0
16	Occupancy ...........	32,103	24,077	6,421	1,605
17	Travel ............	1,024	1,024
18	Payments of travel or entertainment expenses for any federal, state, or local public officials .	0
19	Conferences, conventions, and meetings ....	554		554
20	Interest ...........	0
21	Payments to affiliates .......	0
22	Depreciation, depletion, and amortization ..	0
23	Insurance ...	17,390	13,043	3,478	869
24	Other expenses. Itemize expenses not covered above (List miscellaneous expenses in line 24e. If line 24e amount exceeds 10% of line 25, column (A) amount, list line 24e expenses on Schedule O.)
a	Development	29,803		22,303	7,500
b	Interpretation	11,395	11,395
c	Consulting	6,350			6,350
d	Miscellaneous	1,948		1,948
e	All other expenses	0
25	Total functional expenses. Add lines 1 through 24e	636,108	435,231	158,841	42,036
26	Joint costs. Complete this line only if the organization reported in column (B) joint costs from a combined educational campaign and fundraising solicitation. Check here if following SOP 98-2 (ASC 958-720).

1	Cash–non-interest-bearing ........		115,792	1	68,145
2	Savings and temporary cash investments .........		73,866	2	14,434
3	Pledges and grants receivable, net ......			3	0
4	Accounts receivable, net .............			4	53,028
5	Loans and other receivables from any current or former officer, director, trustee, key employee, creator or founder, substantial contributor, or 35% controlled entity or family member of any of these persons .......
				5	0
6	Loans and other receivables from other disqualified persons (as defined under section 4958(f)(1)), and persons described in section 4958(c)(3)(B) ...
				6	0
7	Notes and loans receivable, net ...........			7	0
8	Inventories for sale or use ............			8	0
9	Prepaid expenses and deferred charges ......			9	0
10a	Land, buildings, and equipment: cost or other basis. Complete Part VI of Schedule D	10a
b	Less: accumulated depreciation	10b		10c	0
11	Investments—publicly traded securities .		104,520	11	122,974
12	Investments—other securities. See Part IV, line 11 .....			12	0
13	Investments—program-related. See Part IV, line 11 ..			13	0
14	Intangible assets ...............			14	0
15	Other assets. See Part IV, line 11 ...........		120	15	799
16	Total assets. Add lines 1 through 15 (must equal line 33)...		294,298	16	259,380

17	Accounts payable and accrued expenses .....	7,749	17	27,209
18	Grants payable ...		18
19	Deferred revenue .........		19
20	Tax-exempt bond liabilities .........		20
21	Escrow or custodial account liability. Complete Part IV of Schedule D		21
22	Loans and other payables to any current or former officer, director, trustee, key employee, creator or founder, substantial contributor, or 35% controlled entity or family member of any of these persons .........
			22
23	Secured mortgages and notes payable to unrelated third parties ..		23
24	Unsecured notes and loans payable to unrelated third parties ..		24
25	Other liabilities (including federal income tax, payables to related third parties, and other liabilities not included on lines 17 - 24). Complete Part X of Schedule D		25
26	Total liabilities. Add lines 17 through 25..	7,749	26	27,209

	Organizations that follow FASB ASC 958, check here and complete lines 27, 28, 32, and 33.
27	Net assets without donor restrictions ..........	286,549	27	232,171
28	Net assets with donor restrictions ...........		28
	Organizations that do not follow FASB ASC 958, check here and complete lines 29 through 33.
29	Capital stock or trust principal, or current funds .....		29
30	Paid-in or capital surplus, or land, building or equipment fund ...		30
31	Retained earnings, endowment, accumulated income, or other funds		31
32	Total net assets or fund balances ...........	286,549	32	232,171
33	Total liabilities and net assets/fund balances ........	294,298	33	259,380

Name of organization Immigrant & Refugee Law Center

Part I Contributors	Contributors (see instructions). Use duplicate copies of Part I if additional space is needed.
(a) No.	(b) Name, address, and ZIP + 4	(c) Total contributions	(d) Type of contribution
RESTRICTED	,	$ RESTRICTED	Person Payroll Noncash (Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
(a) No.	(b) Name, address, and ZIP + 4	(c) Total contributions	(d) Type of contribution
		$	Person Payroll Noncash (Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
(a) No.	(b) Name, address, and ZIP + 4	(c) Total contributions	(d) Type of contribution
		$	Person Payroll Noncash (Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
(a) No.	(b) Name, address, and ZIP + 4	(c) Total contributions	(d) Type of contribution
		$	Person Payroll Noncash (Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
(a) No.	(b) Name, address, and ZIP + 4	(c) Total contributions	(d) Type of contribution
		$	Person Payroll Noncash (Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
(a) No.	(b) Name, address, and ZIP + 4	(c) Total contributions	(d) Type of contribution
		$	Person Payroll Noncash (Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
Schedule B (Form 990) (2023)

Name of organization Immigrant & Refugee Law Center		Employer identification number 82-2744813

Part II	Noncash Property (see instructions). Use duplicate copies of Part II if additional space is needed.
(a) No. from Part I	(b) Description of noncash property given	(c) FMV (or estimate) (See instructions)	(d) Date received
		$
(a) No. from Part I	(b) Description of noncash property given	(c) FMV (or estimate) (See instructions)	(d) Date received
		$
(a) No. from Part I	(b) Description of noncash property given	(c) FMV (or estimate) (See instructions)	(d) Date received
		$
(a) No. from Part I	(b) Description of noncash property given	(c) FMV (or estimate) (See instructions)	(d) Date received
		$
(a) No. from Part I	(b) Description of noncash property given	(c) FMV (or estimate) (See instructions)	(d) Date received
		$
(a) No. from Part I	(b) Description of noncash property given	(c) FMV (or estimate) (See instructions)	(d) Date received
		$
Schedule B (Form 990) (2023)


Name of organization Immigrant & Refugee Law Center			Employer identification number 82-2744813
Part III Exclusively religious, charitable, etc., contributions to organizations described in section 501(c)(7), (8), or (10) that total more than $1,000 for the year from any one contributor. Complete columns (a) through (e) and the following line entry. For organizations completing Part III, enter the total of exclusively religious, charitable, etc., contributions of $1,000 or less for the year. (Enter this information once. See instructions.) $ Use duplicate copies of Part III if additional space is needed.