Form990


Department of the TreasuryInternal Revenue Service
Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax
Under section 501(c), 527, or 4947(a)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code (except private foundations)
Do not enter social security numbers on this form as it may be made public.
Go to www.irs.gov/Form990 for instructions and the latest information.
OMB No. 1545-0047
2024
Open to Public Inspection
A For the 2024 calendar year, or tax year beginning 07-01-2024 , and ending 06-30-2025
BCheck if applicable:
CName of organization
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
 
 
Doing business as
 
 
Number and street (or P.O. box if mail is not delivered to street address)
10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD
 
Room/suite
City or town, state or province, country, and ZIP or foreign postal code
LA JOLLA, CA920371002
D Employer identification number

95-2160097
E Telephone number

G Gross receipts $ 340,360,680
F Name and address of principal officer:
GERALD JOYCE
10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD
LA JOLLA,CA920371002
I
Tax-exempt status: (   ) (insert no.) or
J
Website:
WWW.SALK.EDU
H(a)
Is this a group return for
subordinates?
H(b)
Are all subordinates
included?
If "No," attach a list. See instructions.
H(c)
Group exemption number  
K Form of organization:  
L Year of formation: 1960
M State of legal domicile: CA
Part I
Summary
Activities & Governance 1 Briefly describe the organization’s mission or most significant activities: BASIC RESEARCH IN THE FOLLOWING: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS, NEUROSCIENCE, AND PLANT BIOLOGY.
2 Check this box
3 Number of voting members of the governing body (Part VI, line 1a) ........ 3 29
4 Number of independent voting members of the governing body (Part VI, line 1b) ..... 4 24
5 Total number of individuals employed in calendar year 2024 (Part V, line 2a) ...... 5 1,092
6 Total number of volunteers (estimate if necessary) ............. 6 26
7a Total unrelated business revenue from Part VIII, column (C), line 12 ........ 7a 574,651
b Net unrelated business taxable income from Form 990-T, Part I, line 11 ......... 7b 59,905
Revenues Prior Year Current Year
8 Contributions and grants (Part VIII, line 1h) ......... 139,394,431 155,691,017
9 Program service revenue (Part VIII, line 2g) ......... 0 0
10 Investment income (Part VIII, column (A), lines 3, 4, and 7d ) .... 22,040,070 25,082,213
11 Other revenue (Part VIII, column (A), lines 5, 6d, 8c, 9c, 10c, and 11e) -268,031 620,212
12 Total revenue—add lines 8 through 11 (must equal Part VIII, column (A), line 12) 161,166,470 181,393,442
Expenses; 13 Grants and similar amounts paid (Part IX, column (A), lines 1–3 )... 0 0
14 Benefits paid to or for members (Part IX, column (A), line 4)..... 0 0
15 Salaries, other compensation, employee benefits (Part IX, column (A), lines 5–10) 93,365,130 90,398,700
16a Professional fundraising fees (Part IX, column (A), line 11e) ..... 0 0
b Total fundraising expenses (Part IX, column (D), line 25) 5,687,417    
17 Other expenses (Part IX, column (A), lines 11a–11d, 11f–24e).... 83,864,106 86,492,099
18 Total expenses. Add lines 13–17 (must equal Part IX, column (A), line 25) 177,229,236 176,890,799
19 Revenue less expenses. Subtract line 18 from line 12....... -16,062,766 4,502,643
Net Assets or Fund Balances; Beginning of Current Year End of Year
20 Total assets (Part X, line 16)............. 822,778,011 836,148,506
21 Total liabilities (Part X, line 26)............. 173,371,281 149,172,313
22 Net assets or fund balances. Subtract line 21 from line 20..... 649,406,730 686,976,193
Part II
Signature Block
Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I have examined this return, including accompanying schedules and statements, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, it is true, correct, and complete. Declaration of preparer (other than officer) is based on all information of which preparer has any knowledge.
Sign Here
Signature of officer Date
Type or print name and title
Paid Preparer Use Only
Print/Type preparer's name
Preparer's signature
Date
PTIN
Firm's name

Firm's EIN
Firm's address



Phone no.
May the IRS discuss this return with the preparer shown above? See Instructions. ..........
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see the separate instructions.
Cat. No. 11282Y Form 990 (2024)
Form 990 (2024)
Page 2
Part III
Statement of Program Service Accomplishments
Check if Schedule O contains a response or note to any line in this Part III..............
1
Briefly describe the organization’s mission: UNLOCKING THE SECRETS OF LIFE ITSELF IS THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND THE SALK INSTITUTE. OUR TEAM OF WORLD-CLASS, AWARD-WINNING SCIENTISTS PUSHES BOUNDARIES OF KNOWLEDGE IN AREAS SUCH AS NEUROSCIENCE, CANCER RESEARCH, AGING, IMMUNOBIOLOGY, PLANT BIOLOGY, COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY, AND MORE. FOUNDED BY JONAS SALK, DEVELOPER OF THE FIRST SAFE AND EFFECTIVE POLIO VACCINE, THE INSTITUTE IS AN INDEPENDENT, NONPROFIT RESEARCH ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURAL LANDMARK: SMALL BY CHOICE, INTIMATE BY NATURE, AND FEARLESS IN THE FACE OF ANY CHALLENGE.
2
Did the organization undertake any significant program services during the year which were not listed on
the prior Form 990 or 990-EZ? .....................
If "Yes," describe these new services on Schedule O.
3
Did the organization cease conducting, or make significant changes in how it conducts, any program
services? ...........................
If "Yes," describe these changes on Schedule O.
4
Describe the organization’s program service accomplishments for each of its three largest program services, as measured by expenses. Section 501(c)(3) and 501(c)(4) organizations are required to report the amount of grants and allocations to others, the total expenses, and revenue, if any, for each program service reported.
4a (Code:   ) (Expenses $ 148,586,524 including grants of $ 0 ) (Revenue $ 0 )
SEE SCHEDULE O
4b (Code:   ) (Expenses $   including grants of $   ) (Revenue $   )
4c (Code:   ) (Expenses $   including grants of $   ) (Revenue $   )
4d Other program services (Describe in Schedule O.)
(Expenses $   including grants of $   ) (Revenue $   )
4e Total program service expenses148,586,524
Form 990 (2024)
Form 990 (2024)
Page 3
Part IV
Checklist of Required Schedules
Yes
No
1
Is the organization described in section 501(c)(3) or 4947(a)(1) (other than a private foundation)? If "Yes," complete Schedule AClick to see attachment
List of Attached Documents:
// Content
.....................
1
Yes
 
2
Is the organization required to complete Schedule B, Schedule of Contributors? See instructions. Click to see attachment
List of Attached Documents:
// Content
...
2
Yes
 
3
Did the organization engage in direct or indirect political campaign activities on behalf of or in opposition to candidates for public office? If "Yes," complete Schedule C, Part I.............
3
 
No
4
Section 501(c)(3) organizations. Did the organization engage in lobbying activities, or have a section 501(h) election in effect during the tax year? If "Yes," complete Schedule C, Part IIClick to see attachment
List of Attached Documents:
// Content
.........
4
Yes
 
5
Is the organization a section 501(c)(4), 501(c)(5), or 501(c)(6) organization that receives membership dues, assessments, or similar amounts as defined in Rev. Proc. 98-19? If "Yes," complete Schedule C, Part IIIClick to see attachment
List of Attached Documents:
// Content
..
5
 
No
6
Did the organization maintain any donor advised funds or any similar funds or accounts for which donors have the right to provide advice on the distribution or investment of amounts in such funds or accounts? If "Yes," complete Schedule D, Part I.........................
6
 
No
7
Did the organization receive or hold a conservation easement, including easements to preserve open space,
the environment, historic land areas, or historic structures? If "Yes," complete Schedule D, Part II....
7
 
No
8
Did the organization maintain collections of works of art, historical treasures, or other similar assets? If "Yes,"
complete Schedule D, Part III..............
8
 
No
9
Did the organization report an amount in Part X, line 21 for escrow or custodial account liability; serve as a custodian for amounts not listed in Part X; or provide credit counseling, debt management, credit repair, or debt negotiation services? If "Yes," complete Schedule D, Part IV..............
9
 
No
10
Did the organization, directly or through a related organization, hold assets in temporarily restricted endowments, permanent endowments, or quasi endowments? If "Yes," complete Schedule D, Part VClick to see attachment
List of Attached Documents:
// Content
......
10
Yes
 
11
If the organization’s answer to any of the following questions is "Yes," then complete Schedule D, Parts VI, VII, VIII, IX, or X, as applicable.
a
Did the organization report an amount for land, buildings, and equipment in Part X, line 10? If "Yes," complete
Schedule D, Part VI. Click to see attachment
List of Attached Documents:
// Content
...................
11a
Yes
 
b
Did the organization report an amount for investments—other securities in Part X, line 12 that is 5% or more of its total assets reported in Part X, line 16? If "Yes," complete Schedule D, Part VIIClick to see attachment
List of Attached Documents:
// Content
.......
11b
Yes
 
c
Did the organization report an amount for investments—program related in Part X, line 13 that is 5% or more of its total assets reported in Part X, line 16? If "Yes," complete Schedule D, Part VIII.......
11c
 
No
d
Did the organization report an amount for other assets in Part X, line 15 that is 5% or more of its total assets reported in Part X, line 16? If "Yes," complete Schedule D, Part IX............
11d
 
No
e
Did the organization report an amount for other liabilities in Part X, line 25? If "Yes," complete Schedule D, Part XClick to see attachment
List of Attached Documents:
// Content
11e
Yes
 
f
Did the organization’s separate or consolidated financial statements for the tax year include a footnote that addresses the organization’s liability for uncertain tax positions under FIN 48 (ASC 740)? If "Yes," complete Schedule D, Part XClick to see attachment
List of Attached Documents:
// Content
11f
Yes
 
12a
Did the organization obtain separate, independent audited financial statements for the tax year? If "Yes," complete
Schedule D, Parts XI and XIIClick to see attachment
List of Attached Documents:
// Content
......................
12a
Yes
 
b
Was the organization included in consolidated, independent audited financial statements for the tax year? If "Yes," and if the organization answered "No" to line 12a, then completing Schedule D, Parts XI and XII is optional
12b
 
No
13
Is the organization a school described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(ii)? If "Yes," complete Schedule E
13
 
No
14a
Did the organization maintain an office, employees, or agents outside of the United States? .....
14a
 
No
b
Did the organization have aggregate revenues or expenses of more than $10,000 from grantmaking, fundraising, business, investment, and program service activities outside the United States, or aggregate foreign investments valued at $100,000 or more? If "Yes," complete Schedule F, Parts I and IV.........Click to see attachment
List of Attached Documents:
// Content
14b
Yes
 
15
Did the organization report on Part IX, column (A), line 3, more than $5,000 of grants or other assistance to or for any foreign organization? If “Yes,” complete Schedule F, Parts II and IV.....
15
 
No
16
Did the organization report on Part IX, column (A), line 3, more than $5,000 of aggregate grants or other assistance to or for foreign individuals? If “Yes,” complete Schedule F, Parts III and IV...
16
 
No
17
Did the organization report a total of more than $15,000 of expenses for professional fundraising services on Part IX, column (A), lines 6 and 11e? If "Yes," complete Schedule G, Part I. See instructions. ....
17
 
No
18
Did the organization report more than $15,000 total of fundraising event gross income and contributions on Part VIII, lines 1c and 8a? If "Yes," complete Schedule G, Part II............ Click to see attachment
List of Attached Documents:
// Content
18
Yes
 
19
Did the organization report more than $15,000 of gross income from gaming activities on Part VIII, line 9a? If "Yes," complete Schedule G, Part III...................
19
 
No
20a
Did the organization operate one or more hospital facilities? If "Yes," complete Schedule H....
20a
 
No
b
If "Yes" to line 20a, did the organization attach a copy of its audited financial statements to this return?
20b
 
 
21
Did the organization report more than $5,000 of grants or other assistance to any domestic organization or domestic government on Part IX, column (A), line 1? If “Yes,” complete Schedule I, Parts I and II.....
21
 
No
Form 990 (2024)
Form 990 (2024)
Page 4
Part IV
Checklist of Required Schedules (continued)
Yes
No
22
Did the organization report more than $5,000 of grants or other assistance to or for domestic individuals on Part IX, column (A), line 2? If “Yes,” complete Schedule I, Parts I and III........
22
 
No
23
Did the organization answer "Yes" to Part VII, Section A, line 3, 4, or 5, about compensation of the organization’s current and former officers, directors, trustees, key employees, and highest compensated employees? If "Yes," complete Schedule J....................... Click to see attachment
List of Attached Documents:
// Content
23
Yes
 
24a
Did the organization have a tax-exempt bond issue with an outstanding principal amount of more than $100,000 as of the last day of the year, that was issued after December 31, 2002? If “Yes,” answer lines 24b through 24d and complete Schedule K. If “No,” go to line 25a...............
24a
 
No
b
Did the organization invest any proceeds of tax-exempt bonds beyond a temporary period exception?...
24b
 
 
c
Did the organization maintain an escrow account other than a refunding escrow at any time during the year
to defease any tax-exempt bonds? ...............
24c
 
No
d
Did the organization act as an "on behalf of" issuer for bonds outstanding at any time during the year?...
24d
 
No
25a
Section 501(c)(3), 501(c)(4), and 501(c)(29) organizations. Did the organization engage in an excess benefit transaction with a disqualified person during the year? If "Yes," complete Schedule L, Part I ....
25a
 
No
b
Is the organization aware that it engaged in an excess benefit transaction with a disqualified person in a prior year, and that the transaction has not been reported on any of the organization’s prior Forms 990 or 990-EZ? If "Yes," complete Schedule L, Part I.......................
25b
 
No
26
Did the organization report any amount on Part X, line 5 or 22 for receivables from or payables to any current or former officer, director, trustee, key employee, creator or founder, substantial contributor, or 35% controlled entity or family member of any of these persons? If "Yes," complete Schedule L, Part IIClick to see attachment
List of Attached Documents:
// Content
...........
26
Yes
 
27
Did the organization provide a grant or other assistance to any current or former officer, director, trustee, key employee, creator or founder, substantial contributor, or employee thereof, a grant selection committee member, or to a 35% controlled entity (including an employee thereof) or family member of any of these persons?
If "Yes," complete
Schedule L, Part III.........................
27
 
No
28
Was the organization a party to a business transaction with one of the following parties (see the Schedule L, Part IV instructions for applicable filing thresholds, conditions, and exceptions):
a
A current or former officer, director, trustee, key employee, creator or founder, or substantial contributor? If "Yes," complete Schedule L, Part IV......................
28a
 
No
b
A family member of any individual described in line 28a? If "Yes," complete Schedule L, Part IV.....
28b
 
No
c
A 35% controlled entity of one or more individuals and/or organizations described in line 28a or 28b? If "Yes," complete Schedule L, Part IV.....................
28c
 
No
29
Did the organization receive more than $25,000 in non-cash contributions? If "Yes," complete Schedule M..Click to see attachment
List of Attached Documents:
// Content
29
Yes
 
30
Did the organization receive contributions of art, historical treasures, or other similar assets, or qualified conservation contributions? If "Yes," complete Schedule M .................
30
 
No
31
Did the organization liquidate, terminate, or dissolve and cease operations? If "Yes," complete Schedule N, Part I
31
 
No
32
Did the organization sell, exchange, dispose of, or transfer more than 25% of its net assets? If "Yes," complete Schedule N, Part II........................
32
 
No
33
Did the organization own 100% of an entity disregarded as separate from the organization under Regulations sections 301.7701-2 and 301.7701-3? If "Yes," complete Schedule R, Part I............
33
 
No
34
Was the organization related to any tax-exempt or taxable entity? If "Yes," complete Schedule R, Part II, III, or IV, and Part V, line 1.........................Click to see attachment
List of Attached Documents:
// Content
34
Yes
 
35a
Did the organization have a controlled entity within the meaning of section 512(b)(13)?
35a
Yes
 
b
If ‘Yes’ to line 35a, did the organization receive any payment from or engage in any transaction with a controlled entity within the meaning of section 512(b)(13)? If "Yes," complete Schedule R, Part V, line 2 ...
35b
 
No
36
Section 501(c)(3) organizations. Did the organization make any transfers to an exempt non-charitable related organization? If "Yes," complete Schedule R, Part V, line 2.............
36
 
No
37
Did the organization conduct more than 5% of its activities through an entity that is not a related organization and that is treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes? If "Yes," complete Schedule R, Part VI
37
 
No
38
Did the organization complete Schedule O and provide explanations on Schedule O for Part VI, lines 11b and 19? Note. All Form 990 filers are required to complete Schedule O. ............
38
Yes
 
Part V
Statements Regarding Other IRS Filings and Tax Compliance
Check if Schedule O contains a response or note to any line in this Part V...........
Yes
No
1a
Enter the number reported in box 3 of Form 1096. Enter -0- if not applicable ..
1a
144
b
Enter the number of Forms W-2G included on line 1a. Enter -0- if not applicable .
1b
0
c
Did the organization comply with backup withholding rules for reportable payments to vendors and reportable gaming (gambling) winnings to prize winners? ..................
1c
Yes
 
Form 990 (2024)
Form 990 (2024)
Page 5
Part V
Statements Regarding Other IRS Filings and Tax Compliance (continued)
2a
Enter the number of employees reported on Form W-3, Transmittal of Wage and
Tax Statements, filed for the calendar year ending with or within the year covered by this return ..................
2a
1,092
b
If at least one is reported on line 2a, did the organization file all required federal employment tax returns?
2b
Yes
 
3a
Did the organization have unrelated business gross income of $1,000 or more during the year?...
3a
Yes
 
b
If “Yes,” has it filed a Form 990-T for this year? If “No” to line 3b, provide an explanation in Schedule O...
3b
Yes
 
4a
At any time during the calendar year, did the organization have an interest in, or a signature or other authority over, a financial account in a foreign country (such as a bank account, securities account, or other financial account)? ..
4a
 
No
b
If "Yes," enter the name of the foreign country:
See instructions for filing requirements for FinCEN Form 114, Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR).
5a
Was the organization a party to a prohibited tax shelter transaction at any time during the tax year? ..
5a
 
No
b
Did any taxable party notify the organization that it was or is a party to a prohibited tax shelter transaction?
5b
 
No
c
If "Yes," to line 5a or 5b, did the organization file Form 8886-T? ............
5c
 
 
6a
Does the organization have annual gross receipts that are normally greater than $100,000, and did the organization solicit any contributions that were not tax deductible as charitable contributions? ...
6a
 
No
b
If "Yes," did the organization include with every solicitation an express statement that such contributions or gifts were not tax deductible? ......................
6b
 
 
7
Organizations that may receive deductible contributions under section 170(c).
a
Did the organization receive a payment in excess of $75 made partly as a contribution and partly for goods and services provided to the payor? ....................
7a
Yes
 
b
If "Yes," did the organization notify the donor of the value of the goods or services provided? .....
7b
Yes
 
c
Did the organization sell, exchange, or otherwise dispose of tangible personal property for which it was required to file Form 8282? .........................
7c
 
No
d
If "Yes," indicate the number of Forms 8282 filed during the year ....
7d
 
e
Did the organization receive any funds, directly or indirectly, to pay premiums on a personal benefit contract?
7e
 
No
f
Did the organization, during the year, pay premiums, directly or indirectly, on a personal benefit contract? ..
7f
 
No
g
If the organization received a contribution of qualified intellectual property, did the organization file Form 8899 as required? ......................
7g
 
 
h
If the organization received a contribution of cars, boats, airplanes, or other vehicles, did the organization file a Form 1098-C? ..........................
7h
 
 
8
Sponsoring organizations maintaining donor advised funds. Did a donor advised fund maintained by the sponsoring organization have excess business holdings at any time during the year? ........
8
 
 
9
Sponsoring organizations maintaining donor advised funds.
a
Did the sponsoring organization make any taxable distributions under section 4966?........
9a
 
 
b
Did the sponsoring organization make a distribution to a donor, donor advisor, or related person?...
9b
 
 
10
Section 501(c)(7) organizations. Enter:
a
Initiation fees and capital contributions included on Part VIII, line 12 ...
10a
 
b
Gross receipts, included on Form 990, Part VIII, line 12, for public use of club facilities
10b
 
11
Section 501(c)(12) organizations. Enter:
a
Gross income from members or shareholders .........
11a
 
b
Gross income from other sources. (Do not net amounts due or paid to other sources against amounts due or received from them.) ..........
11b
 
12a
Section 4947(a)(1) non-exempt charitable trusts. Is the organization filing Form 990 in lieu of Form 1041?
12a
 
 
b
If "Yes," enter the amount of tax-exempt interest received or accrued during the year.
12b
 
13
Section 501(c)(29) qualified nonprofit health insurance issuers.
a
Is the organization licensed to issue qualified health plans in more than one state? .........
Note. See the instructions for additional information the organization must report on Schedule O.
13a
 
 
b
Enter the amount of reserves the organization is required to maintain by the states in which the organization is licensed to issue qualified health plans ....
13b
 
c
Enter the amount of reserves on hand ............
13c
 
14a
Did the organization receive any payments for indoor tanning services during the tax year?.....
14a
 
No
b
If "Yes," has it filed a Form 720 to report these payments? If "No," provide an explanation in Schedule O..
14b
 
 
15
Is the organization subject to the section 4960 tax on payment(s) of more than $1,000,000 in remuneration or excess parachute payment(s) during the year? ....................
If "Yes," see the instructions and file Form 4720, Schedule N.
15
 
No
16
Is the organization an educational institution subject to the section 4968 excise tax on net investment income? ..
If "Yes," complete Form 4720, Schedule O.
16
 
No
17
Section 501(c)(21) organizations. Did the trust, or any disqualified or other person engage in any activities that would result in the imposition of an excise tax under section 4951, 4952, or 4953? ..
If "Yes," complete Form 6069.
17
 
 
Form 990 (2024)
Form 990 (2024)
Page 6
Part VI
Governance, Management, and Disclosure. For each "Yes" response to lines 2 through 7b below, and for a "No" response to lines 8a, 8b, or 10b below, describe the circumstances, processes, or changes in Schedule O. See instructions.
Check if Schedule O contains a response or note to any line in this Part VI..............
Section A. Governing Body and Management
Yes
No
1a
Enter the number of voting members of the governing body at the end of the tax year
1a
29
If there are material differences in voting rights among members of the governing body, or if the governing body delegated broad authority to an executive committee or similar committee, explain in Schedule O.
b
Enter the number of voting members included in line 1a, above, who are independent
1b
24
2
Did any officer, director, trustee, or key employee have a family relationship or a business relationship with any other officer, director, trustee, or key employee? .................
2
 
No
3
Did the organization delegate control over management duties customarily performed by or under the direct supervision of officers, directors or trustees, or key employees to a management company or other person? .
3
 
No
4
Did the organization make any significant changes to its governing documents since the prior Form 990 was filed? .
4
 
No
5
Did the organization become aware during the year of a significant diversion of the organization’s assets? .
5
 
No
6
Did the organization have members or stockholders? ................
6
Yes
 
7a
Did the organization have members, stockholders, or other persons who had the power to elect or appoint one or more members of the governing body? ....................
7a
Yes
 
b
Are any governance decisions of the organization reserved to (or subject to approval by) members, stockholders, or persons other than the governing body? ...................
7b
Yes
 
8
Did the organization contemporaneously document the meetings held or written actions undertaken during the year by the following:
a
The governing body? .......................
8a
Yes
 
b
Each committee with authority to act on behalf of the governing body? ............
8b
Yes
 
9
Is there any officer, director, trustee, or key employee listed in Part VII, Section A, who cannot be reached at the organization’s mailing address? If "Yes," provide the names and addresses in Schedule O.......
9
 
No
Section B. Policies (This Section B requests information about policies not required by the Internal Revenue Code.)
Yes
No
10a
Did the organization have local chapters, branches, or affiliates? ............
10a
 
No
b
If "Yes," did the organization have written policies and procedures governing the activities of such chapters, affiliates, and branches to ensure their operations are consistent with the organization's exempt purposes?
10b
 
No
11a
Has the organization provided a complete copy of this Form 990 to all members of its governing body before filing the form? ............................
11a
 
No
b
Describe on Schedule O the process, if any, used by the organization to review this Form 990. .....
12a
Did the organization have a written conflict of interest policy? If "No," go to line 13.......
12a
Yes
 
b
Were officers, directors, or trustees, and key employees required to disclose annually interests that could give rise to conflicts? ..........................
12b
Yes
 
c
Did the organization regularly and consistently monitor and enforce compliance with the policy? If "Yes," describe on Schedule O how this was done...................
12c
Yes
 
13
Did the organization have a written whistleblower policy? ...............
13
Yes
 
14
Did the organization have a written document retention and destruction policy? .........
14
Yes
 
15
Did the process for determining compensation of the following persons include a review and approval by independent persons, comparability data, and contemporaneous substantiation of the deliberation and decision?
a
The organization’s CEO, Executive Director, or top management official ...........
15a
Yes
 
b
Other officers or key employees of the organization ................
15b
Yes
 
If "Yes" to line 15a or 15b, describe the process on Schedule O. See instructions.
16a
Did the organization invest in, contribute assets to, or participate in a joint venture or similar arrangement with a taxable entity during the year? ......................
16a
 
No
b
If "Yes," did the organization follow a written policy or procedure requiring the organization to evaluate its participation in joint venture arrangements under applicable federal tax law, and take steps to safeguard the organization’s exempt status with respect to such arrangements? ............
16b
 
No
Section C. Disclosure
17
List the states with which a copy of this Form 990 is required to be filed
CA , CO , CT , DC , FL , GA , AL , HI , IL , KS , KY , ME , AK , MD , MA , MI , MN , MS , MO , NV , NH , NJ , NM , NY , NC , ND , OH , OK , OR , PA , RI , SC , TN , TX , UT , VA , AR , WA , WV , WI
18
Section 6104 requires an organization to make its Form 1023 (1024 or 1024-A, if applicable), 990, and 990-T (section 501(c)(3)s only) available for public inspection. Indicate how you made these available. Check all that apply.
19
Describe in Schedule O whether (and if so, how) the organization made its governing documents, conflict of interest policy, and financial statements available to the public during the tax year.
20
State the name, address, and telephone number of the person who possesses the organization's books and records:
MARIE CARTER-DUBOIS10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD   LA JOLLA,CA920371002 (858) 453-4100
Form 990 (2024)
Form 990 (2024)
Page 7
Part VII
Compensation of Officers, Directors,Trustees, Key Employees, Highest Compensated Employees, and Independent Contractors
Check if Schedule O contains a response or note to any line in this Part VII..............
Section A. Officers, Directors, Trustees, Key Employees, and Highest Compensated Employees
1a Complete this table for all persons required to be listed. Report compensation for the calendar year ending with or within the organization’s tax year.
RoundBullet List all of the organization’s current officers, directors, trustees (whether individuals or organizations), regardless of amount
of compensation. Enter -0- in columns (D), (E), and (F) if no compensation was paid.

RoundBullet List all of the organization’s current key employees, if any. See the instructions for definition of "key employee."
RoundBullet List the organization’s five current highest compensated employees (other than an officer, director, trustee or key employee)
who received reportable compensation (box 5 of Form W-2, box 6 of Form 1099-MISC, and/or box 1 of Form 1099-NEC) of more than $100,000 from the organization and any related organizations.

RoundBullet List all of the organization’s former officers, key employees, or highest compensated employees who received more than $100,000
of reportable compensation from the organization and any related organizations.

RoundBullet List all of the organization’s former directors or trustees that received, in the capacity as a former director or trustee of the
organization, more than $10,000 of reportable compensation from the organization and any related organizations.

See the instructions for the order in which to list the persons above.
Check this box if neither the organization nor any related organization compensated any current officer, director, or trustee.
(A)
Name and title 		(B)
Average hours per week (list any hours for related organizations below dotted line) 		(C)
Position (do not check more than one box, unless person is both an officer and a director/trustee) 		(D)
Reportable compensation from the organization (W-2/1099-MISC/1099-NEC) 		(E)
Reportable compensation from related organizations (W-2/1099-MISC/1099-NEC) 		(F)
Estimated amount of other compensation from the organization and related organizations
Individual Trustee or Director; Institutional Trustee; OfficerInd; Key Employee; Highest compensated employee; FormerOfcrDirectorTrusteeInd;
(1) GERALD JOYCE MD PHD......................................................................
PRESIDENT / PROFESSOR
 50.0
.................
  		X   X       907,583 0 62,377
(2) MARNA C WHITTINGTON PHD......................................................................
CHAIR
 2.0
.................
  		X   X       0 0 0
(3) TERRY ROSEN PHD......................................................................
VICE CHAIR
 2.0
.................
  		X   X       0 0 0
(4) AMY JACOBS......................................................................
TRUSTEE
 0.5
.................
  		X           0 0 0
(5) BENJAMIN H LEWIS......................................................................
TRUSTEE
 0.5
.................
  		X           0 0 0
(6) CAROL GALLAGHER PHARMD......................................................................
TRUSTEE
 2.0
.................
  		X           0 0 0
(7) CHRISTIAN METALLO PHD......................................................................
TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR (INCOMING APR 2025)
 50.0
.................
  		X           310,492 0 59,952
(8) CORINNE MENTZELOPOULOS......................................................................
TRUSTEE
 0.5
.................
  		X           0 0 0
(9) DANIEL C LEWIS......................................................................
TRUSTEE (OUTGOING NOV 2024)
 0.5
.................
  		X           0 0 0
(10) DANIEL TIERNEY......................................................................
TRUSTEE
 0.5
.................
  		X           0 0 0
(11) DAVID DOLBY......................................................................
TRUSTEE
 0.5
.................
  		X           0 0 0
(12) EDWIN K HUNTER......................................................................
TRUSTEE (OUTGOING NOV 2024)
 0.5
.................
  		X           0 0 0
(13) ERIC SAGERMAN......................................................................
TRUSTEE
 2.0
.................
  		X           0 0 0
(14) FRED LUDDY......................................................................
TRUSTEE
 0.5
.................
  		X           0 0 0
(15) FREDERICK J DOTZLER......................................................................
TRUSTEE
 0.5
.................
  		X           0 0 0
(16) FREDERIK PAULSEN PHD......................................................................
TRUSTEE
 0.5
.................
  		X           0 0 0
(17) HAEYOUNG KONG TANG PHD......................................................................
TRUSTEE
 2.0
.................
  		X           0 0 0
Form 990 (2024)
Form 990 (2024)
Page 8
Part VII
Section A. Officers, Directors, Trustees, Key Employees, and Highest Compensated Employees (continued)
(A)
Name and title 		(B)
Average hours per week (list any hours for related organizations below dotted line) 		(C)
Position (do not check more than one box, unless person is both an officer and a director/trustee) 		(D)
Reportable compensation from the organization (W-2/1099-MISC/1099-NEC) 		(E)
Reportable compensation from related organizations (W-2/1099-MISC/1099-NEC) 		(F)
Estimated amount of other compensation from the organization and related organizations
Individual Trustee or Director; Institutional Trustee; OfficerInd; Key Employee; Highest compensated employee; FormerOfcrDirectorTrusteeInd;
(18) HORACIO VALEIRAS........................................................................
TRUSTEE (INCOMING MAY 2025)
 0.5
.......................   		X           0 0 0
(19) HOWARD H NEWMAN PHD........................................................................
TRUSTEE
 0.5
.......................   		X           0 0 0
(20) IRVING WEISSMAN MD........................................................................
TRUSTEE
 0.5
.......................   		X           0 0 0
(21) JANELLE AYRES PHD........................................................................
TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR
 50.0
.......................   		X           203,498 0 30,094
(22) JAY FLATLEY........................................................................
TRUSTEE
 0.5
.......................   		X           0 0 0
(23) LYN HUTTON........................................................................
TRUSTEE
 2.0
.......................   		X           0 0 0
(24) MARK KNICKREHM........................................................................
TRUSTEE
 0.5
.......................   		X           0 0 0
(25) MARKUS REINHARD........................................................................
TRUSTEE
 2.0
.......................   		X           0 0 0
(26) MARY JANE SALK........................................................................
TRUSTEE
 0.5
.......................   		X           0 0 0
(27) REUBEN SHAW PHD........................................................................
TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR (OUTGOING MAR 2025)
 50.0
.......................   		X           411,517 0 58,573
(28) RICHARD A HEYMAN PHD........................................................................
TRUSTEE
 2.0
.......................   		X           0 0 0
(29) SANJAY K JHA PHD........................................................................
TRUSTEE
 0.5
.......................   		X           0 0 0
(30) TIMOTHY M SCHOEN........................................................................
TRUSTEE
 2.0
.......................   		X           0 0 0
(31) WOLFGANG BUSCH PHD........................................................................
TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR
 50.0
.......................   		X           340,005 0 60,872
(32) JULIA A MILLER JD........................................................................
SECRETARY/GENERAL COUNSEL
 50.0
.......................   		    X       430,675 0 68,461
(33) KIM E WITMER........................................................................
TREASURER/SVP FINANCE & ADMN (OUTGOING OCT 2024)
 50.0
.......................   		    X       446,572 0 49,909
(34) KIMBERLY CASTILLO........................................................................
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER
 50.0
.......................   		    X       353,369 0 61,838
(35) EDWARD CALLAWAY PHD........................................................................
PROFESSOR
 50.0
.......................   		        X   383,288 0 65,927
(36) FRED GAGE PHD........................................................................
PROFESSOR
 50.0
.......................   		        X   453,121 0 63,722
(37) JAN KARLSEDER PHD........................................................................
PROFESSOR
 50.0
.......................   		        X   490,287 0 64,146
(38) JERRY SHEEHAN........................................................................
CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER
 50.0
.......................   		        X   354,307 0 44,255
(39) SUSAN KAECH PHD........................................................................
PROFESSOR
 50.0
.......................   		        X   356,518 0 65,789
1b Sub-Total..............
c Total from continuation sheets to Part VII, Section A..
d Total (add lines 1b and 1c)......... 5,441,232 0 755,915
2
Total number of individuals (including but not limited to those listed above) who received more than $100,000 of reportable compensation from the organization 168
Yes
No
3
Did the organization list any former officer, director or trustee, key employee, or highest compensated employee on line 1a? If "Yes," complete Schedule J for such individual ..............
3
 
No
4
For any individual listed on line 1a, is the sum of reportable compensation and other compensation from the organization and related organizations greater than $150,000? If "Yes," complete Schedule J for such
individual...........................
4
Yes
 
5
Did any person listed on line 1a receive or accrue compensation from any unrelated organization or individual for services rendered to the organization? If "Yes," complete Schedule J for such person ........
5
 
No
Section B. Independent Contractors
1
Complete this table for your five highest compensated independent contractors that received more than $100,000 of compensation from the organization. Report compensation for the calendar year ending with or within the organization’s tax year.
(A)
Name and business address 		(B)
Description of services 		(C)
Compensation
EAST END ADVISORS LLC

610 FIFTH AVENUE SUITE 506
NEW YORK,NY10020 		INVESTMENT ADVISOR 2,785,048
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO

9500 GILMAN DRIVE
LA JOLLA,CA92093 		TRNG PROGRAM/SUBCONT 1,636,683
RUDOLPH & SLETTEN INC

7584 METROPOLITAN DR STE 100
SAN DIEGO,CA92108 		CONSTRUCTION SERVICE 1,465,015
AO REED & CO

4777 RUFFIN STREET
SAN DIEGO,CA92111 		CONSTRUCTION SERVICE 852,627
SHOW IMAGING INC

1125 JOSHUA WAY
VISTA,CA92081 		ENTERTAINMENT SERVICE 459,528
2
Total number of independent contractors (including but not limited to those listed above) who received more than $100,000 of compensation from the organization 14
Form 990 (2024)
Form 990 (2024)
Page 9
Part VIII
Statement of Revenue
Check if Schedule O contains a response or note to any line in this Part VIII.............
(A)
Total revenue 		(B)
Related or
exempt
function
revenue 		(C)
Unrelated
business
revenue 		(D)
Revenue
excluded from
tax under sections
512 - 514
Contributions, Gifts, Grants, and OtherAmt Similar Amounts 1a Federated campaigns..1a  
b Membership dues..1b  
c Fundraising events..1c 855,115
d Related organizations1d  
e Government grants (contributions)1e 85,975,012
f All other contributions, gifts, grants, and similar amounts not included above1f 68,860,890
g Noncash contributions included in lines 1a - 1f:$ 1g 9,074,953
h Total. Add lines 1a-1f....... 155,691,017
Program Service RevenueAmt Business Code
2a     0 0 0 0
b     0 0 0 0
c     0 0 0 0
d     0 0 0 0
e     0 0 0 0
f All other program service revenue. 0 0 0 0
g Total. Add lines 2a–2f ..... 0
OtherAmtRevenueAmt 3 Investment income (including dividends, interest, and othersimilar amounts) ...... 13,371,857 0 574,651 12,797,206
4 Income from investment of tax-exempt bond proceeds 0 0 0 0
5 Royalties........... 1,475,392 0 0 1,475,392
(i) Real (ii) Personal
6a Gross rents 6a 0 0
b Less: rental expenses 6b 0 0
c Rental income or (loss) 6c 0 0
d Net rental income or (loss)....... 0 0   0
(i) Securities (ii) Other
7a Gross amount from sales of assets other than inventory 7a 169,606,462 0
b Less: cost or other basis and sales expenses 7b 157,896,106 0
c Gain or (loss) 7c 11,710,356 0
d Net gain or (loss)......... 11,710,356 0 0 11,710,356
8a Gross income from fundraising events (not including $ 855,115of contributions reported on line 1c). See Part IV, line 18 ....
8a 151,800
b Less: direct expenses ... 8b 1,071,132
c Net income or (loss) from fundraising events.. -919,332 0 -919,332
9a Gross income from gaming activities.
See Part IV, line 19 ...
9a 0
b Less: direct expenses ... 9b 0
c Net income or (loss) from gaming activities.. 0 0 0 0
10a Gross sales of inventory, less
returns and allowances ..
10a 0
b Less: cost of goods sold .. 10b 0
c Net income or (loss) from sales of inventory.. 0 0 0 0
OtherRevenueMiscAmt
Business Code
11a ROYALTIES 900099 1,213 0 0 1,213
b A/R RECHARGE ALLOWANCE 900099 60,282 0 0 60,282
c REVENUE SHARE-HOST VEHICLE CHARGING STAT 900099 2,388 0 0 2,388
d All other revenue .... 269 0 0 269
e Total. Add lines 11a–11d ...... 64,152
12 Total revenue. See instructions..... 181,393,442 0 574,651 25,127,774
Form 990 (2024)
Form 990 (2024)
Page 10
Part IX
Statement of Functional Expenses
Section 501(c)(3) and 501(c)(4) organizations must complete all columns. All other organizations must complete column (A).Check if Schedule O contains a response or note to any line in this Part IX..............
Do not include amounts reported on lines 6b,
7b, 8b, 9b, and 10b of Part VIII. 		(A)
Total expenses 		(B)
Program service expenses 		(C)
Management and general expenses 		(D)
Fundraising
expenses
1 Grants and other assistance to domestic organizations and domestic governments. See Part IV, line 21 .... 0 0
2 Grants and other assistance to domestic individuals. See Part IV, line 22 ........... 0 0
3 Grants and other assistance to foreign organizations, foreign governments, and foreign individuals. See Part IV, lines 15 and 16. ............. 0 0
4 Benefits paid to or for members ....... 0 0
5 Compensation of current officers, directors, trustees, and key employees ........... 3,889,796 1,921,185 1,863,855 104,756
6 Compensation not included above, to disqualified persons (as defined under section 4958(f)(1)) and persons described in section 4958(c)(3)(B) ......... 0 0 0 0
7 Other salaries and wages........ 66,776,487 56,647,750 7,180,418 2,948,319
8 Pension plan accruals and contributions (include section 401(k) and 403(b) employer contributions) .... 4,918,107 4,060,708 635,438 221,961
9 Other employee benefits ....... 9,890,979 8,168,236 1,278,203 444,540
10 Payroll taxes ........... 4,923,331 4,065,021 636,113 222,197
11 Fees for services (non-employees):        
a Management ...... 208,798 45,000 163,798 0
b Legal ......... 897,862 523,408 374,454 0
c Accounting ........... 313,113 0 313,113 0
d Lobbying ........... 3,115 0 3,115 0
e Professional fundraising services. See Part IV, line 17 0 0
f Investment management fees ...... 2,903,795 0 2,903,795 0
g Other (If line 11g amount exceeds 10% of line 25, column (A) amount, list line 11g expenses on Schedule O) 14,213,688 13,217,484 989,314 6,890
12 Advertising and promotion .... 23,285 7,917 7,684 7,684
13 Office expenses ....... 724,923 184,204 374,068 166,651
14 Information technology ...... 3,926,201 2,752,903 912,956 260,342
15 Royalties .. 0 0 0 0
16 Occupancy ........... 12,007,536 9,191,360 2,396,410 419,766
17 Travel ............ 1,045,729 852,178 67,632 125,919
18 Payments of travel or entertainment expenses for any federal, state, or local public officials . 0 0 0 0
19 Conferences, conventions, and meetings .... 1,513,687 1,136,847 240,670 136,170
20 Interest ........... 563,281 0 563,281 0
21 Payments to affiliates ....... 0 0 0 0
22 Depreciation, depletion, and amortization .. 12,402,044 11,301,608 990,571 109,865
23 Insurance ... 403,053 0 403,053 0
24 Other expenses. Itemize expenses not covered above (List miscellaneous expenses in line 24e. If line 24e amount exceeds 10% of line 25, column (A) amount, list line 24e expenses on Schedule O.)
a SCIENTIFIC SUBCONTRACTS 18,462,230 18,462,230 0 0
b RESEARCH SUPPLIES 15,654,014 15,654,014 0 0
c OTHER EXPENSES 796,259 126,249 158,283 511,727
d REPAIRS & PARTS 406,683 268,222 137,831 630
e All other expenses 22,803 0 22,803 0
25 Total functional expenses. Add lines 1 through 24e 176,890,799 148,586,524 22,616,858 5,687,417
26 Joint costs. Complete this line only if the organization reported in column (B) joint costs from a combined educational campaign and fundraising solicitation. Check here if following SOP 98-2 (ASC 958-720).        
Form 990 (2024)
Form 990 (2024)
Page 11
Part X
Balance Sheet
Check if Schedule O contains a response or note to any line in this Part IX..............
(A)
Beginning of year 		(B)
End of year
Assets 1 Cash–non-interest-bearing ........ 9,611,719 1 15,383,806
2 Savings and temporary cash investments ......... 34,743,132 2 21,683,222
3 Pledges and grants receivable, net ...... 38,515,677 3 31,339,271
4 Accounts receivable, net ............. 1,427,815 4 1,609,519
5 Loans and other receivables from any current or former officer, director, trustee, key employee, creator or founder, substantial contributor, or 35% controlled entity or family member of any of these persons .......
304,304 5 402,159
6 Loans and other receivables from other disqualified persons (as defined under section 4958(f)(1)), and persons described in section 4958(c)(3)(B) ...
0 6 0
7 Notes and loans receivable, net ........... 2,445,253 7 2,557,382
8 Inventories for sale or use ............ 13,522 8 12,143
9 Prepaid expenses and deferred charges ...... 932,459 9 937,666
10a Land, buildings, and equipment: cost or other basis. Complete Part VI of Schedule D 10a 293,704,798
b Less: accumulated depreciation 10b 221,356,653 76,522,116 10c 72,348,145
11 Investments—publicly traded securities . 128,474,605 11 133,877,089
12 Investments—other securities. See Part IV, line 11 ..... 515,504,339 12 541,289,923
13 Investments—program-related. See Part IV, line 11 .. 0 13  
14 Intangible assets ...............   14  
15 Other assets. See Part IV, line 11 ........... 14,283,070 15 14,708,181
16 Total assets. Add lines 1 through 15 (must equal line 33)... 822,778,011 16 836,148,506
Liabilities 17 Accounts payable and accrued expenses ..... 47,596,671 17 37,928,300
18 Grants payable ... 0 18 0
19 Deferred revenue ......... 24,485,921 19 13,954,530
20 Tax-exempt bond liabilities ......... 0 20 0
21 Escrow or custodial account liability. Complete Part IV of Schedule D 0 21 0
22 Loans and other payables to any current or former officer, director, trustee, key employee, creator or founder, substantial contributor, or 35% controlled entity or family member of any of these persons .........
0 22 0
23 Secured mortgages and notes payable to unrelated third parties .. 92,138,737 23 89,961,764
24 Unsecured notes and loans payable to unrelated third parties .. 0 24 0
25 Other liabilities (including federal income tax, payables to related third parties, and other liabilities not included on lines 17 - 24). Complete Part X of Schedule D 9,149,952 25 7,327,719
26 Total liabilities. Add lines 17 through 25.. 173,371,281 26 149,172,313
Net Assets or Fund Balance Organizations that follow FASB ASC 958, check here and complete lines 27, 28, 32, and 33.
27 Net assets without donor restrictions .......... 119,439,210 27 140,592,218
28 Net assets with donor restrictions ........... 529,967,520 28 546,383,975
Organizations that do not follow FASB ASC 958, check here right arrow and complete lines 29 through 33.
29 Capital stock or trust principal, or current funds ..... 0 29 0
30 Paid-in or capital surplus, or land, building or equipment fund ... 0 30 0
31 Retained earnings, endowment, accumulated income, or other funds 0 31 0
32 Total net assets or fund balances ........... 649,406,730 32 686,976,193
33 Total liabilities and net assets/fund balances ........ 822,778,011 33 836,148,506
Form 990 (2024)
Form 990 (2024)
Page 12
Part XI
Reconcilliation of Net Assets
Check if Schedule O contains a response or note to any line in this Part XI..............
1
Total revenue (must equal Part VIII, column (A), line 12) ............
1
181,393,442
2
Total expenses (must equal Part IX, column (A), line 25) ............
2
176,890,799
3
Revenue less expenses. Subtract line 2 from line 1 ..............
3
4,502,643
4
Net assets or fund balances at beginning of year (must equal Part X, line 32, column (A)) ..
4
649,406,730
5
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments ...............
5
32,481,538
6
Donated services and use of facilities .................
6
0
7
Investment expenses .....................
7
0
8
Prior period adjustments .....................
8
0
9
Other changes in net assets or fund balances (explain in Schedule O) ........
9
585,282
10
Net assets or fund balances at end of year. Combine lines 3 through 9 (must equal Part X, line 32, column (B))
10
686,976,193
Part XII
Financial Statements and Reporting
Check if Schedule O contains a response or note to any line in this Part XII.............
Yes
No
1
Accounting method used to prepare the Form 990:  
If the organization changed its method of accounting from a prior year or checked "Other," explain on
Schedule O.
2a
Were the organization’s financial statements compiled or reviewed by an independent accountant?
2a
 
No
If ‘Yes,’ check a box below to indicate whether the financial statements for the year were compiled or reviewed on a separate basis, consolidated basis, or both:
b
Were the organization’s financial statements audited by an independent accountant?
2b
Yes
 
If ‘Yes,’ check a box below to indicate whether the financial statements for the year were audited on a separate basis, consolidated basis, or both:
c
If "Yes," to line 2a or 2b, does the organization have a committee that assumes responsibility for oversight of the audit, review, or compilation of its financial statements and selection of an independent accountant?
2c
Yes
 
If the organization changed either its oversight process or selection process during the tax year, explain in Schedule O.
3a
As a result of a federal award, was the organization required to undergo an audit or audits as set forth in the Uniform Guidance, 2 C.F.R. Part 200, Subpart F?
3a
Yes
 
b
If "Yes," did the organization undergo the required audit or audits? If the organization did not undergo the required audit or audits, explain why in Schedule O and describe any steps taken to undergo such audits.
3b
Yes
 
Form 990 (2024)
Form 990 (2024)
Additional Data


Software ID: 24020961
Software Version: 2024v5.1
Form 990, Special Condition Description:
Special Condition Description
SCHEDULE A
(Form 990)

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
Public Charity Status and Public Support
Complete if the organization is a section 501(c)(3) organization or a section 4947(a)(1) nonexempt charitable trust.
right arrow Attach to Form 990 or Form 990-EZ.
right arrow Go to www.irs.gov/Form990 for instructions and the latest information.
OMB No. 1545-0047
2024
Open to Public
Inspection
Name of the organization
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
 
Employer identification number

95-2160097
Part I
Reason for Public Charity Status (All organizations must complete this part.) See instructions.
The organization is not a private foundation because it is: (For lines 1 through 12, check only one box.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
a
b
c
d
e
f
Enter the number of supported organizations ...............................  
g
Provide the following information about the supported organization(s).
(i) Name of supported organization (ii) EIN (iii) Type of organization (described on lines 1- 10 above (see instructions)) (iv) Is the organization listed in your governing document? (v) Amount of monetary support (see instructions) (vi) Amount of other support (see instructions)
Yes No
Total
 
   
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see the Instructions for
Form 990 or 990-EZ.
Cat. No. 11285F
Schedule A (Form 990) 2024

Schedule A (Form 990) 2024
Page 2
Part II
Support Schedule for Organizations Described in Sections 170(b)(1)(A)(iv) and 170(b)(1)(A)(vi)
(Complete only if you checked the box on line 5, 7, or 8 of Part I or if the organization failed to qualify under Part III. If the organization failed to qualify under the tests listed below, please complete Part III.)
Section A. Public Support
Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) right arrow (a) 2020 (b) 2021 (c) 2022 (d) 2023 (e) 2024 (f) Total
1 Gifts, grants, contributions, and membership fees received. (Do not include any "unusual grant.") .. 176,855,692 138,798,417 150,881,176 139,394,431 155,691,017 761,620,733
2 Tax revenues levied for the organization's benefit and either paid to or expended on its behalf ....           0
3 The value of services or facilities furnished by a governmental unit to the organization without charge..           0
4 Total. Add lines 1 through 3 176,855,692 138,798,417 150,881,176 139,394,431 155,691,017 761,620,733
5 The portion of total contributions by each person (other than a governmental unit or publicly supported organization) included on line 1 that exceeds 2% of the amount shown on line 11, column (f) .. 0
6 Public support. Subtract line 5 from line 4. 761,620,733
Section B. Total Support
Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) right arrow (a) 2020 (b) 2021 (c) 2022 (d) 2023 (e) 2024 (f) Total
7 Amounts from line 4.. 176,855,692 138,798,417 150,881,176 139,394,431 155,691,017 761,620,733
8 Gross income from interest, dividends, payments received on securities loans, rents, royalties and income from similar sources... 6,807,160 9,621,065 6,721,516 10,050,004 14,786,344 47,986,089
9 Net income from unrelated business activities, whether or not the business is regularly carried on..         60,905 60,905
10 Other income. Do not include gain or loss from the sale of capital assets (Explain in Part VI.).. 1,945 4,857 2,864 31,986 64,152 105,804
11 Total support. Add lines 7 through 10 809,773,531
12
12
0
13
First 5 years. If the Form 990 is for the organization's first, second, third, fourth, or fifth tax year as a section 501(c)(3) organization, check this box and stop here ........................................right arrow
Section C. Computation of Public Support Percentage
14
14
94.054 %
15
15
93.727 %
16a
33 1/3% support test—2024. If the organization did not check the box on line 13, and line 14 is 33 1/3% or more, check this box
and stop here. The organization qualifies as a publicly supported organization .......................right arrow
b
33 1/3% support test—2023. If the organization did not check a box on line 13 or 16a, and line 15 is 33 1/3% or more, check this
box and stop here. The organization qualifies as a publicly supported organization ..................... right arrow
17a
10%-facts-and-circumstances test—2024. If the organization did not check a box on line 13, 16a, or 16b, and line 14 is 10% or more, and if the organization meets the "facts-and-circumstances" test, check this box and stop here. Explain in Part VI how the organization meets the "facts-and-circumstances" test. The organization qualifies as a publicly supported organization ............ right arrow
b
10%-facts-and-circumstances test—2023. If the organization did not check a box on line 13, 16a, 16b, or 17a, and line 15 is 10% or more, and if the organization meets the "facts-and-circumstances" test, check this box and stop here. Explain in Part VI how the organization meets the "facts-and-circumstances" test. The organization qualifies as a publicly supported organization ............ right arrow
18
Private foundation. If the organization did not check a box on line 13, 16a, 16b, 17a, or 17b, check this box and see
instructions ..................................................... right arrow
Schedule A (Form 990) 2024

Schedule A (Form 990) 2024
Page 3
Part III
Support Schedule for Organizations Described in Section 509(a)(2)
(Complete only if you checked the box on line 10 of Part I or if the organization failed to qualify under Part II. If the organization fails to qualify under the tests listed below, please complete Part II.)
Section A. Public Support
Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) right arrow (a) 2020 (b) 2021 (c) 2022 (d) 2023 (e) 2024 (f) Total
1 Gifts, grants, contributions, and membership fees received. (Do not include any "unusual grants.") .            
2 Gross receipts from admissions, merchandise sold or services performed, or facilities furnished in any activity that is related to the organization's tax-exempt purpose            
3 Gross receipts from activities that are not an unrelated trade or business under section 513 .....            
4 Tax revenues levied for the organization's benefit and either paid to or expended on its behalf...            
5 The value of services or facilities furnished by a governmental unit to the organization without charge            
6 Total. Add lines 1 through 5            
7a Amounts included on lines 1, 2, and 3 received from disqualified persons            
b Amounts included on lines 2 and 3 received from other than disqualified persons that exceed the greater of $5,000 or 1% of the amount on line 13 for the year.            
c Add lines 7a and 7b..            
8 Public support. (Subtract line 7c from line 6.)  
Section B. Total Support
Calendar year (or fiscal year beginning in) right arrow (a) 2020 (b) 2021 (c) 2022 (d) 2023 (e) 2024 (f) Total
9 Amounts from line 6...            
10a Gross income from interest, dividends, payments received on securities loans, rents, royalties and income from similar sources..            
b Unrelated business taxable income (less section 511 taxes) from businesses acquired after June 30, 1975.            
c Add lines 10a and 10b.            
11 Net income from unrelated business activities not included on line 10b, whether or not the business is regularly carried on.            
12 Other income. Do not include gain or loss from the sale of capital assets (Explain in Part VI.) ..            
13 Total support. (Add lines 9, 10c, 11, and 12.)..            
14
First 5 years. If the Form 990 is for the organization's first, second, third, fourth, or fifth tax year as a section 501(c)(3) organization, check this box and stop here................................................. right arrow
Section C. Computation of Public Support Percentage
15
15
 
16
16
 
Section D. Computation of Investment Income Percentage
17
17
 
18
18
 
19a
33 1/3% support tests-2024. If the organization did not check the box on line 14, and line 15 is more than 33 1/3%, and line 17 is not more than 33 1/3%, check this box and stop here. The organization qualifies as a publicly supported organization ....... right arrow
b
33 1/3 % support tests—2023. If the organization did not check a box on line 14 or line 19a, and line 16 is more than 33 1/3% and line 18 is not more than 33 1/3%, check this box and stop here. The organization qualifies as a publicly supported organization ..... right arrow
20
Private foundation. If the organization did not check a box on line 14, 19a, or 19b, check this box and see instructions .... right arrow
Schedule A (Form 990) 2024

Schedule A (Form 990) 2024
Page 4
Part IV
Supporting Organizations
(Complete only if you checked a box on line 12 of Part I. If you checked box 12a, of Part I, complete Sections A and B. If you checked box 12b, of Part I, complete Sections A and C. If you checked box 12c, of Part I, complete Sections A, D, and E. If you checked box12d, of Part I, complete Sections A and D, and complete Part V.)
Section A. All Supporting Organizations
Yes
No
1
Are all of the organization’s supported organizations listed by name in the organization’s governing documents?
If "No," describe in Part VI how the supported organizations are designated. If designated by class or purpose,
describe the designation. If historic and continuing relationship, explain.
1
 
 
2
Did the organization have any supported organization that does not have an IRS determination of status under section 509(a)(1) or (2)? If "Yes," explain in Part VI how the organization determined that the supported organization was described in section 509(a)(1) or (2).
2
 
 
3a
Did the organization have a supported organization described in section 501(c)(4), (5), or (6)? If "Yes," answer lines 3b and 3c below.
3a
 
 
b
Did the organization confirm that each supported organization qualified under section 501(c)(4), (5), or (6) and satisfied the public support tests under section 509(a)(2)? If "Yes," describe in Part VI when and how the organization made the determination.
3b
 
 
c
Did the organization ensure that all support to such organizations was used exclusively for section 170(c)(2)(B) purposes? If "Yes," explain in Part VI what controls the organization put in place to ensure such use.
3c
 
 
4a
Was any supported organization not organized in the United States ("foreign supported organization")? If “Yes” and if you checked box 12a or 12b in Part I, answer lines 4b and 4c below.
4a
 
 
b
Did the organization have ultimate control and discretion in deciding whether to make grants to the foreign supported organization? If “Yes,” describe in Part VI how the organization had such control and discretion despite being controlled or supervised by or in connection with its supported organizations.
4b
 
 
c
Did the organization support any foreign supported organization that does not have an IRS determination under sections 501(c)(3) and 509(a)(1) or (2)? If “Yes,” explain in Part VI what controls the organization used to ensure that all support to the foreign supported organization was used exclusively for section 170(c)(2)(B) purposes.
4c
 
 
5a
Did the organization add, substitute, or remove any supported organizations during the tax year? If “Yes,” answer lines 5b and 5c below (if applicable). Also, provide detail in Part VI, including (i) the names and EIN numbers of the supported organizations added, substituted, or removed; (ii) the reasons for each such action; (iii) the authority under the organization's organizing document authorizing such action; and (iv) how the action was accomplished (such as by amendment to the organizing document).
5a
 
 
b
Type I or Type II only. Was any added or substituted supported organization part of a class already designated in the organization's organizing document?
5b
 
 
c
Substitutions only. Was the substitution the result of an event beyond the organization's control?
5c
 
 
6
Did the organization provide support (whether in the form of grants or the provision of services or facilities) to anyone other than (i) its supported organizations, (ii) individuals that are part of the charitable class benefited by one or more of its supported organizations, or (iii) other supporting organizations that also support or benefit one or more of the filing organization’s supported organizations? If “Yes,” provide detail in Part VI.
6
 
 
7
Did the organization provide a grant, loan, compensation, or other similar payment to a substantial contributor (defined in section 4958(c)(3)(C)), a family member of a substantial contributor, or a 35% controlled entity with regard to a substantial contributor? If “Yes,” complete Part I of Schedule L (Form 990) .
7
 
 
8
Did the organization make a loan to a disqualified person (as defined in section 4958) not described on line 7? If “Yes,” complete Part I of Schedule L (Form 990).
8
 
 
9a
Was the organization controlled directly or indirectly at any time during the tax year by one or more disqualified persons, as defined in section 4946 (other than foundation managers and organizations described in section 509(a)(1) or (2))? If “Yes,” provide detail in Part VI.
9a
 
 
b
Did one or more disqualified persons (as defined on line 9a) hold a controlling interest in any entity in which the supporting organization had an interest? If “Yes,” provide detail in Part VI.
9b
 
 
c
Did a disqualified person (as defined on line 9a) have an ownership interest in, or derive any personal benefit from, assets in which the supporting organization also had an interest? If “Yes,” provide detail in Part VI.
9c
 
 
10a
Was the organization subject to the excess business holdings rules of section 4943 because of section 4943(f) (regarding certain Type II supporting organizations, and all Type III non-functionally integrated supporting organizations)? If “Yes,” answer line 10b below.
10a
 
 
b
Did the organization have any excess business holdings in the tax year? (Use Schedule C, Form 4720, to determine whether the organization had excess business holdings).
10b
 
 
Schedule A (Form 990) 2024

Schedule A (Form 990) 2024
Page 5
Part IV
Supporting Organizations (continued)
Yes
No
11
Has the organization accepted a gift or contribution from any of the following persons?
a
A person who directly or indirectly controls, either alone or together with persons described on lines 11b and 11c below, the governing body of a supported organization?
11a
 
 
b
A family member of a person described on 11a above?
11b
 
 
c
A 35% controlled entity of a person described on line 11a or 11b above? If “Yes” to 11a, 11b, or 11c, provide detail in Part VI.
11c
 
 
Section B. Type I Supporting Organizations
Yes
No
1
Did the officers, directors, trustees, or membership of one or more supported organizations have the power to regularly appoint or elect at least a majority of the organization’s directors or trustees at all times during the tax year? If “No,” describe in Part VI how the supported organization(s) effectively operated, supervised, or controlled the organization’s activities. If the organization had more than one supported organization, describe how the powers to appoint and/or remove directors or trustees were allocated among the supported organizations and what conditions or restrictions, if any, applied to such powers during the tax year.
1
 
 
2
Did the organization operate for the benefit of any supported organization other than the supported organization(s) that operated, supervised, or controlled the supporting organization? If “Yes,” explain in Part VI how providing such benefit carried out the purposes of the supported organization(s) that operated, supervised or controlled the supporting organization.
2
 
 
Section C. Type II Supporting Organizations
Yes
No
1
Were a majority of the organization’s directors or trustees during the tax year also a majority of the directors or trustees of each of the organization’s supported organization(s)? If “No,” describe in Part VI how control or management of the supporting organization was vested in the same persons that controlled or managed the supported organization(s).
1
 
 
Section D. All Type III Supporting Organizations
Yes
No
1
Did the organization provide to each of its supported organizations, by the last day of the fifth month of the organization’s tax year, (i) a written notice describing the type and amount of support provided during the prior tax year, (ii) a copy of the Form 990 that was most recently filed as of the date of notification, and (iii) copies of the organization’s governing documents in effect on the date of notification, to the extent not previously provided?
1
 
 
2
Were any of the organization’s officers, directors, or trustees either (i) appointed or elected by the supported organization(s) or (ii) serving on the governing body of a supported organization? If "No," explain in Part VI how the organization maintained a close and continuous working relationship with the supported organization(s).
2
 
 
3
By reason of the relationship described in line 2 above, did the organization’s supported organizations have a significant voice in the organization’s investment policies and in directing the use of the organization’s income or assets at all times during the tax year? If "Yes," describe in Part VI the role the organization’s supported organizations played in this regard.
3
 
 
Section E. Type III Functionally-Integrated Supporting Organizations
1
Check the box next to the method that the organization used to satisfy the Integral Part Test during the year (see instructions):
a
b
c
2
Activities Test. Answer lines 2a and 2b below.
Yes
No
a
Did substantially all of the organization’s activities during the tax year directly further the exempt purposes of the supported organization(s) to which the organization was responsive? If "Yes," then in Part VI identify those supported organizations and explain how these activities directly furthered their exempt purposes, how the organization was responsive to those supported organizations, and how the organization determined that these activities constituted substantially all of its activities.
2a
 
 
b
Did the activities described on line 2a, above constitute activities that, but for the organization’s involvement, one or more of the organization’s supported organization(s) would have been engaged in? If "Yes," explain in Part VI the reasons for the organization’s position that its supported organization(s) would have engaged in these activities but for the organization’s involvement.
2b
 
 
3
Parent of Supported Organizations. Answer lines 3a and 3b below.
a
Did the organization have the power to regularly appoint or elect a majority of the officers, directors, or trustees of each of the supported organizations?If "Yes" or "No", provide details in Part VI.
3a
 
 
b
Did the organization exercise a substantial degree of direction over the policies, programs and activities of each of its supported organizations? If "Yes," describe in Part VI. the role played by the organization in this regard.
3b
 
 
Schedule A (Form 990) 2024

Schedule A (Form 990) 2024
Page 6
Part V
Type III Non-Functionally Integrated 509(a)(3) Supporting Organizations
1
Section A - Adjusted Net Income (A) Prior Year (B) Current Year
(optional)
1 Net short-term capital gain 1    
2 Recoveries of prior-year distributions 2    
3 Other gross income (see instructions) 3    
4 Add lines 1 through 3 4    
5 Depreciation and depletion 5    
6 Portion of operating expenses paid or incurred for production or collection of gross income or for management, conservation, or maintenance of property held for production of income (see instructions) 6    
7 Other expenses (see instructions) 7    
8 Adjusted Net Income (subtract lines 5, 6 and 7 from line 4) 8    
Section B - Minimum Asset Amount (A) Prior Year (B) Current Year
(optional)
1 Aggregate fair market value of all non-exempt-use assets (see instructions for short tax year or assets held for part of year): 1
a Average monthly value of securities 1a    
b Average monthly cash balances 1b    
c Fair market value of other non-exempt-use assets 1c    
d Total (add lines 1a, 1b, and 1c) 1d    
e Discount claimed for blockage or other factors
(explain in detail in Part VI):  
2 Acquisition indebtedness applicable to non-exempt use assets 2    
3 Subtract line 2 from line 1d 3    
4 Cash deemed held for exempt use. Enter 0.015 of line 3 (for greater amount, see instructions). 4    
5 Net value of non-exempt-use assets (subtract line 4 from line 3) 5    
6 Multiply line 5 by 0.035 6    
7 Recoveries of prior-year distributions 7    
8 Minimum Asset Amount (add line 7 to line 6) 8    
Section C - Distributable Amount Current Year
1 Adjusted net income for prior year (from Section A, line 8, Column A) 1  
2 Enter 85% of line 1 2  
3 Minimum asset amount for prior year (from Section B, line 8, Column A) 3  
4 Enter greater of line 2 or line 3 4  
5 Income tax imposed in prior year 5  
6 Distributable Amount. Subtract line 5 from line 4, unless subject to emergency temporary reduction (see instructions) 6  
7
Schedule A (Form 990) 2024

Schedule A (Form 990) 2024
Page 7
Part V
Type III Non-Functionally Integrated 509(a)(3) Supporting Organizations(continued)
Section D - Distributions Current Year
1 Amounts paid to supported organizations to accomplish exempt purposes 1  
2 Amounts paid to perform activity that directly furthers exempt purposes of supported organizations, in
excess of income from activity 		2  
3 Administrative expenses paid to accomplish exempt purposes of supported organizations 3  
4 Amounts paid to acquire exempt-use assets 4  
5 Qualified set-aside amounts (prior IRS approval required - provide details in Part VI) 5  
6 Other distributions (describe in Part VI). See instructions 6  
7Total annual distributions. Add lines 1 through 6. 7  
8 Distributions to attentive supported organizations to which the organization is responsive (provide
details in Part VI). See instructions 		8  
9 Distributable amount for 2024 from Section C, line 6 9  
10 Line 8 amount divided by Line 9 amount 10  
Section E - Distribution Allocations (see instructions) (i)
Excess Distributions 		(ii)
Underdistributions
Pre-2024 		(iii)
Distributable
Amount for 2024
1 Distributable amount for 2024 from Section C, line 6  
2 Underdistributions, if any, for years prior to 2024 (reasonable cause required-- explain in Part VI).
See instructions.		  
3 Excess distributions carryover, if any, to 2024:
a From 2019.......  
b From 2020.......  
c From 2021.......  
d From 2022.......  
e From 2023.......  
fTotal of lines 3a through e  
g Applied to underdistributions of prior years  
h Applied to 2024 distributable amount  
i Carryover from 2019 not applied (see
instructions) 		 
j Remainder. Subtract lines 3g, 3h, and 3i from line 3f.  
4Distributions for 2024 from Section D, line 7:
$  
a Applied to underdistributions of prior years  
b Applied to 2024 distributable amount  
c Remainder. Subtract lines 4a and 4b from line 4.  
5 Remaining underdistributions for years prior to
2024, if any. Subtract lines 3g and 4a from line 2.
If the amount is greater than zero, explain in Part VI.
See instructions. 		 
6 Remaining underdistributions for 2024. Subtract
lines 3h and 4b from line 1. If the amount is greater
than zero, explain in Part VI. See instructions. 		 
7 Excess distributions carryover to 2025. Add lines
3j and 4c. 		 
8 Breakdown of line 7:
a Excess from 2020.....  
b Excess from 2021.....  
c Excess from 2022.....  
d Excess from 2023.....  
e Excess from 2024.....  
Schedule A (Form 990) (2024)

Schedule A (Form 990) 2024
Page 8
Part VI
Supplemental Information. Provide the explanations required by Part II, line 10; Part II, line 17a or 17b; Part III, line 12; Part IV, Section A, lines 1, 2, 3b, 3c, 4b, 4c, 5a, 6, 9a, 9b, 9c, 11a, 11b, and 11c; Part IV, Section B, lines 1 and 2; Part IV, Section C, line 1; Part IV, Section D, lines 2 and 3; Part IV, Section E, lines 1c, 2a, 2b, 3a and 3b; Part V, line 1; Part V, Section B, line 1e; Part V Section D, lines 5, 6, and 8; and Part V, Section E, lines 2, 5, and 6. Also complete this part for any additional information. (See instructions).
Facts And Circumstances Test
 
Return Reference Explanation
Schedule A, Part II, Line 10 Other Income DESCRIPTION - ROYALTIES, COLUMN A - 993.0, COLUMN B - 2851.0, COLUMN C - 1781.0, COLUMN D - 1183.0, COLUMN E - 1213.0, COLUMN F - 8021.0; DESCRIPTION - REVENUE SHARING-HOST VEHICLE CHARGING STATION, COLUMN A - 952.0, COLUMN B - 2006.0, COLUMN C - 1083.0, COLUMN D - 1997.0, COLUMN E - 2388.0, COLUMN F - 8426.0; DESCRIPTION - AR RECHARGE ALLOWANCE, COLUMN A - 0.0, COLUMN B - 0.0, COLUMN C - 0.0, COLUMN D - 28806.0, COLUMN E - 60282.0, COLUMN F - 89088.0; DESCRIPTION - OTHER, COLUMN A - 0.0, COLUMN B - 0.0, COLUMN C - 0.0, COLUMN D - 0.0, COLUMN E - 269.0, COLUMN F - 269.0;
Schedule A (Form 990) 2024


Additional Data


Software ID: 24020961
Software Version: 2024v5.1
Schedule B
(Form 990)
(Rev. January 2025)
Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
Schedule of Contributors

right arrow Attach to Form 990, 990-EZ, or 990-PF.
right arrow Go to www.irs.gov/Form990 for the latest information.
OMB No. 1545-0047
Name of the organization
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
 
Employer identification number

95-2160097
Organization type (check one):
Filers of:
Section:
Form 990 or 990-EZ
501(c)( ) (enter number) organization

4947(a)(1) nonexempt charitable trust not treated as a private foundation

527 political organization


Form 990-PF
501(c)(3) exempt private foundation

4947(a)(1) nonexempt charitable trust treated as a private foundation

501(c)(3) taxable private foundation
Check if your organization is covered by the General Rule or a Special Rule.  
Note:  Only a section 501(c)(7), (8), or (10) organization can check boxes for both the General Rule and a Special Rule. See instructions.
General Rule
For an organization filing Form 990, 990-EZ, or 990-PF that received, during the year, contributions totaling $5,000 or more (in money or other property) from any one contributor. Complete Parts I and II. See instructions for determining a contributor's total contributions.
Special Rules
For an organization described in section 501(c)(3) filing Form 990 or 990-EZ that met the 331/3% support test of the regulations
under sections 509(a)(1) and 170(b)(1)(A)(vi), that checked Schedule A (Form 990 or 990-EZ), Part II, line 13, 16a, or 16b, and that received from any one contributor, during the year, total contributions of the greater of (1) $5,000 or (2) 2% of the amount on (i) Form 990, Part VIII, line 1h, or (ii) Form 990-EZ, line 1. Complete Parts I and II.
For an organization described in section 501(c)(7), (8), or (10) filing Form 990 or 990-EZ that received from any one contributor,
during the year, total contributions of more than $1,000 exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational purposes, or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals. Complete Parts I, II, and III.
For an organization described in section 501(c)(7), (8), or (10) filing Form 990 or 990-EZ that received from any one contributor,
during the year, contributions exclusively for religious, charitable, etc., purposes, but no such contributions totaled more than $1,000. If this box is checked, enter here the total contributions that were received during the year for an exclusively religious, charitable, etc., purpose. Don't complete any of the parts unless the General Rule applies to this organization because it received nonexclusively religious, charitable, etc., contributions totaling $5,000 or more during the year ......... Right Arrow $  
Caution: An organization that isn't covered by the General Rule and/or the Special Rules doesn't file Schedule B (Form 990,
990-EZ, or 990-PF), but it must answer “No” on Part IV, line 2, of its Form 990; or check the box on line H of its Form 990-EZ
or on its Form 990PF, Part I, line 2, to certify that it doesn't meet the filing requirements of Schedule B (Form 990,
990-EZ, or 990-PF).
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see the Instructions
for Form 990, 990-EZ, or 990-PF.
Cat. No. 30613XSchedule B (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Schedule B (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025) Page 2
Name of organization
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
  		Employer identification number
95-2160097
Part I
Contributors (see instructions). Use duplicate copies of Part I if additional space is needed.
(a)
No.		 (b)
Name, address, and ZIP + 4		 (c)
Total contributions		 (d)
Type of contribution
RESTRICTED
 
 
 
 
  ,    

$ RESTRICTED


(Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
(a)
No.		 (b)
Name, address, and ZIP + 4		 (c)
Total contributions		 (d)
Type of contribution
 
 
 
 

$  


(Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
(a)
No.		 (b)
Name, address, and ZIP + 4		 (c)
Total contributions		 (d)
Type of contribution
 
 
 
 

$  


(Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
(a)
No.		 (b)
Name, address, and ZIP + 4		 (c)
Total contributions		 (d)
Type of contribution
 
 
 
 

$  


(Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
(a)
No.		 (b)
Name, address, and ZIP + 4		 (c)
Total contributions		 (d)
Type of contribution
 
 
 
 

$  


(Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
(a)
No.		 (b)
Name, address, and ZIP + 4		 (c)
Total contributions		 (d)
Type of contribution
 
 
 
 

$  


(Complete Part II for noncash contributions.)
Schedule B (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Schedule B (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Page 3
Name of organization
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
  		Employer identification number

95-2160097
Part II
Noncash Property (see instructions). Use duplicate copies of Part II if additional space is needed.
(a)
No. from Part I 		(b)
Description of noncash property given 		(c)
FMV (or estimate)
(See instructions) 		(d)
Date received
 
$    
(a)
No. from Part I 		(b)
Description of noncash property given 		(c)
FMV (or estimate)
(See instructions) 		(d)
Date received
 
$    
(a)
No. from Part I 		(b)
Description of noncash property given 		(c)
FMV (or estimate)
(See instructions) 		(d)
Date received
 
$    
(a)
No. from Part I 		(b)
Description of noncash property given 		(c)
FMV (or estimate)
(See instructions) 		(d)
Date received
 
$    
(a)
No. from Part I 		(b)
Description of noncash property given 		(c)
FMV (or estimate)
(See instructions) 		(d)
Date received
 
$    
(a)
No. from Part I 		(b)
Description of noncash property given 		(c)
FMV (or estimate)
(See instructions) 		(d)
Date received
 
$    
Schedule B (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Schedule B (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Page 4
Name of organization
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
  		Employer identification number

95-2160097
Part III
Exclusively religious, charitable, etc., contributions to organizations described in section 501(c) (7), (8), or (10) that total more than $1,000 for the year from any one contributor. Complete columns (a) through (e) and the following line entry. For organizations completing Part III, enter the total of exclusively religious, charitable, etc., contributions of $1,000 or less for the year. (Enter this information once. See instructions.) $  
Use duplicate copies of Part III if additional space is needed.
(a)
No. from Part I		 (b) Purpose of gift (c) Use of gift (d) Description of how gift is held
 
(e) Transfer of gift
Transferee's name, address, and ZIP 4 Relationship of transferor to transferee
 
 
     
 
(a)
No. from Part I		 (b) Purpose of gift (c) Use of gift (d) Description of how gift is held
 
(e) Transfer of gift
Transferee's name, address, and ZIP 4 Relationship of transferor to transferee
 
 
     
 
(a)
No. from Part I		 (b) Purpose of gift (c) Use of gift (d) Description of how gift is held
 
(e) Transfer of gift
Transferee's name, address, and ZIP 4 Relationship of transferor to transferee
 
 
     
 
(a)
No. from Part I		 (b) Purpose of gift (c) Use of gift (d) Description of how gift is held
 
(e) Transfer of gift
Transferee's name, address, and ZIP 4 Relationship of transferor to transferee
 
 
     
 
Schedule B (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Additional Data


Software ID: 24020961
Software Version: 2024v5.1
SCHEDULE C
(Form 990)

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
Political Campaign and Lobbying Activities

For Organizations Exempt From Income Tax Under section 501(c) and section 527

right arrow Complete if the organization is described below. right arrow Attach to Form 990 or Form 990-EZ.
right arrowGo to www.irs.gov/Form990 for instructions and the latest information.
OMB No. 1545-0047
2024
Open to Public
Inspection
If the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, Line 3, or Form 990-EZ, Part V, line 46 (Political Campaign Activities), then
Round Bullet Section 501(c)(3) organizations: Complete Parts I-A and B. Do not complete Part I-C.
Round Bullet Section 501(c) (other than section 501(c)(3)) organizations: Complete Parts I-A and C below. Do not complete Part I-B.
Round Bullet Section 527 organizations: Complete Part I-A only.
If the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, Line 4, or Form 990-EZ, Part VI, line 47 (Lobbying Activities), then
Round Bullet Section 501(c)(3) organizations that have filed Form 5768 (election under section 501(h)): Complete Part II-A. Do not complete Part II-B.
Round Bullet Section 501(c)(3) organizations that have NOT filed Form 5768 (election under section 501(h)): Complete Part II-B. Do not complete Part II-A.
If the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, Line 5 (Proxy Tax) (see separate instructions) or Form 990-EZ, Part V, line 35c (Proxy Tax) (see separate instructions), then
Round Bullet Section 501(c)(4), (5), or (6) organizations: Complete Part III.
Name of the organization
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
 
Employer identification number

95-2160097
Part I-A
Complete if the organization is exempt under section 501(c) or is a section 527 organization.

1
Provide a description of the organization’s direct and indirect political campaign activities in Part IV. See instructions for definition of “political campaign activities."

2
Political campaign activity expenditures. See instructions ....................................................................right arrow
$  
3
Volunteer hours for political campaign activities. See instructions ..................................................................
 

Part I-B
Complete if the organization is exempt under section 501(c)(3).
1
Enter the amount of any excise tax incurred by the organization under section 4955 ................................right arrow
$  
2
Enter the amount of any excise tax incurred by organization managers under section 4955 .......................right arrow
$  
3
If the organization incurred a section 4955 tax, did it file Form 4720 for this year? .........................................
4a
Was a correction made? ......................................................................................................................
b
If "Yes," describe in Part IV.
Part I-C
Complete if the organization is exempt under section 501(c), except section 501(c)(3).
1
Enter the amount directly expended by the filing organization for section 527 exempt function activities ..... right arrow
$  
2
Enter the amount of the filing organization's funds contributed to other organizations for section 527 exempt function activities ............................................................................................................................right arrow

$  
3
Total exempt function expenditures. Add lines 1 and 2. Enter here and on Form 1120-POL, line 17b...........right arrow

$  
4
Did the filing organization file Form 1120-POL for this year? ...................................................................
5
Enter the names, addresses and employer identification number (EIN) of all section 527 political organizations to which the filing
organization made payments. For each organization listed, enter the amount paid from the filing organization’s funds. Also enter the amount of political contributions received that were promptly and directly delivered to a separate political organization, such as a separate segregated fund or a political action committee (PAC). If additional space is needed, provide information in Part IV.
(a) Name (b) Address (c) EIN (d) Amount paid from filing organization's funds. If none, enter -0-. (e) Amount of political contributions received and promptly and directly delivered to a separate political organization. If none, enter -0-.
1
2
3
4
5
6
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see the instructions for Form 990.
Cat. No. 50084S
Schedule C (Form 990) 2024

Schedule C (Form 990) 2024
Page 2
Part II-A
Complete if the organization is exempt under section 501(c)(3) and filed Form 5768 (election under section 501(h)).
A Check right arrowexpenses, and share of excess lobbying expenditures).
B Check right arrow
Limits on Lobbying Expenditures
(The term "expenditures" means amounts paid or incurred.) 		(a) Filing
organization's
totals 		(b) Affiliated group totals
1a Total lobbying expenditures to influence public opinion (grass roots lobbying) ......................    
b Total lobbying expenditures to influence a legislative body (direct lobbying) ........................    
c Total lobbying expenditures (add lines 1a and 1b) ............................................................    
d Other exempt purpose expenditures ...............................................................................    
e Total exempt purpose expenditures (add lines 1c and 1d) ..................................................    
f Lobbying nontaxable amount. Enter the amount from the following table in both
columns.		    
If the amount on line 1e, column (a) or (b) is:The lobbying nontaxable amount is:
Not over $500,00020% of the amount on line 1e.
Over $500,000 but not over $1,000,000$100,000 plus 15% of the excess over $500,000.
Over $1,000,000 but not over $1,500,000$175,000 plus 10% of the excess over $1,000,000.
Over $1,500,000 but not over $17,000,000$225,000 plus 5% of the excess over $1,500,000.
Over $17,000,000$1,000,000.
g Grassroots nontaxable amount (enter 25% of line 1f) .................................................    
h Subtract line 1g from line 1a. If zero or less, enter -0-. ................................................    
i Subtract line 1f from line 1c. If zero or less, enter -0-. ................................................    
j If there is an amount other than zero on either line 1h or line 1i, did the organization file Form 4720 reporting
section 4911 tax for this year? ...................................................................................................................

4-Year Averaging Period Under Section 501(h)
(Some organizations that made a section 501(h) election do not have to complete all of the five
columns below. See the separate instructions for lines 2a through 2f.)
Lobbying Expenditures During 4-Year Averaging Period
Calendar year (or fiscal year
beginning in) 		(a) 2021 (b) 2022 (c) 2023 (d) 2024 (e) Total
2a Lobbying nontaxable amount          
b Lobbying ceiling amount
(150% of line 2a, column(e)) 		 
c Total lobbying expenditures          
d Grassroots nontaxable amount          
e Grassroots ceiling amount
(150% of line 2d, column (e))		  
f Grassroots lobbying expenditures          
Schedule C (Form 990) 2024


Schedule C (Form 990) 2024
Page 3
Part II-B
Complete if the organization is exempt under section 501(c)(3) and has NOT filed Form 5768 (election under section 501(h)).
For each "Yes" response on lines 1a through 1i below, provide in Part IV a detailed description of the lobbying activity.
(a)
Yes
No
(b)
Amount
1
During the year, did the filing organization attempt to influence foreign, national, state or local legislation, including any attempt to influence public opinion on a legislative matter or referendum, through the use of:
a
Volunteers? ...........................................................................................................
 
No
b
Paid staff or management (include compensation in expenses reported on lines 1c through 1i)? ........
 
No
c
Media advertisements? ...................................................................................................
 
No
 
d
Mailings to members, legislators, or the public? .............................................................................
 
No
 
e
Publications, or published or broadcast statements? ...........................................................
 
No
 
f
Grants to other organizations for lobbying purposes? ..........................................................
 
No
 
g
Direct contact with legislators, their staffs, government officials, or a legislative body? .......................
 
No
 
h
Rallies, demonstrations, seminars, conventions, speeches, lectures, or any similar means? ..................
 
No
 
i
Other activities? ...................................................................................................................
Yes
 
3,115
j
Total. Add lines 1c through 1i ....................................................................................................
3,115
2a
Did the activities in line 1 cause the organization to be not described in section 501(c)(3)? .....
 
No
b
If "Yes," enter the amount of any tax incurred under section 4912 ...........................................
 
c
If "Yes," enter the amount of any tax incurred by organization managers under section 4912 ...................
 
d
If the filing organization incurred a section 4912 tax, did it file Form 4720 for this year? ........................
 
 
Part III-A
Complete if the organization is exempt under section 501(c)(4), section 501(c)(5), or section 501(c)(6).
Yes
No
1
Were substantially all (90% or more) dues received nondeductible by members? ...............................................
1
 
 
2
Did the organization make only in-house lobbying expenditures of $2,000 or less? ............................................
2
 
 
3
Did the organization agree to carry over lobbying and political expenditures from the prior year? .................................
3
 
 
Part III-B
Complete if the organization is exempt under section 501(c)(4), section 501(c)(5), or section 501(c)(6) and if either (a) BOTH Part III-A, lines 1 and 2, are answered "No" OR (b) Part III-A, line 3, is answered “Yes."
1
Dues, assessments and similar amounts from members ......................................................................
1
 
2
Section 162(e) nondeductible lobbying and political expenditures (do not include amounts of political expenses for which the section 527(f) tax was paid).
a
Current year .............................................................................................................................
2a
 
b
Carryover from last year ............................................................................................................
2b
 
c
Total ...........................................................................................................................................
2c
 
3
Aggregate amount reported in section 6033(e)(1)(A) notices of nondeductible section 162(e) dues .
3
 
4
If notices were sent and the amount on line 2c exceeds the amount on line 3, what portion of the excess does the organization agree to carryover to the reasonable estimate of nondeductible lobbying and political expenditure next year? ......................................................................................................................
4
 
5
Taxable amount of lobbying and political expenditures. See Instructions .........................................
5
 
Part IV
Supplemental Information
Provide the descriptions required for Part l-A, line 1; Part l-B, line 4; Part l-C, line 5; Part II-A (affiliated group list); Part II-A, lines 1 and 2 (see instructions), and Part ll-B, line 1. Also, complete this part for any additional information.
Return Reference Explanation
Schedule C, Part II-B, Line 1 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE LOBBYING ACTIVITY PAID MEMBERSHIP DUES TO RESEARCH AND BIOMEDICAL ORGANIZATIONS, A PORTION OF WHICH ARE CONSIDERED LOBBYING. ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT RESEARCH INSTITUTES - $1,500, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH - $1,200, BIOCOM - $415.
Schedule C (Form 990) 2024


Additional Data


Software ID: 24020961
Software Version: 2024v5.1

SCHEDULE D
(Form 990)

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
Supplemental Financial Statements
right arrow Complete if the organization answered "Yes," on Form 990,
Part IV, line 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d, 11e, 11f, 12a, or 12b.
right arrow Attach to Form 990.
right arrow Go to www.irs.gov/Form990 for instructions and the latest information.
OMB No. 1545-0047
Open to Public Inspection
Name of the organization
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
 
Employer identification number

95-2160097
Part I
Organizations Maintaining Donor Advised Funds or Other Similar Funds or Accounts. Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 6.
(a) Donor advised funds (b) Funds and other accounts
1 Total number at end of year .........    
2 Aggregate value of contributions to (during year)    
3 Aggregate value of grants from (during year)    
4 Aggregate value at end of year ........    
5
Did the organization inform all donors and donor advisors in writing that the assets held in donor advised funds are the organization’s property, subject to the organization’s exclusive legal control? ............
6
Did the organization inform all grantees, donors, and donor advisors in writing that grant funds can be used only for charitable purposes and not for the benefit of the donor or donor advisor, or for any other purpose conferring impermissible private benefit? ...................................
Part II
Conservation Easements.
Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 7.
1
Purpose(s) of conservation easements held by the organization (check all that apply).
2
Complete lines 2a through 2d if the organization held a qualified conservation contribution in the form of a conservation easement on the last day of the tax year.
Held at the End of the Year
a Total number of conservation easements ...................... 2a  
b Total acreage restricted by conservation easements .................... 2b  
c Number of conservation easements on a certified historic structure included in (a) ..... 2c  
d Number of conservation easements included in (c) acquired after July 25, 2006, and not on a historic structure listed in the National Register ... 2d  
3
Number of conservation easements modified, transferred, released, extinguished, or terminated by the organization during the
tax year right arrow  
4
Number of states where property subject to conservation easement is located right arrow  
5
Does the organization have a written policy regarding the periodic monitoring, inspection, handling of violations, and enforcement of the conservation easements it holds? ............
6
Staff and volunteer hours devoted to monitoring, inspecting, handling of violations, and enforcing conservation easements during the year
right arrow  
7
Amount of expenses incurred in monitoring, inspecting, handling of violations, and enforcing conservation easements during the year
right arrow $  
8
Does each conservation easement reported on line 2(d) above satisfy the requirements of section 170(h)(4)(B)(i) and section 170(h)(4)(B)(ii)? .............................
9
In Part XIII, describe how the organization reports conservation easements in its revenue and expense statement, and
balance sheet, and include, if applicable, the text of the footnote to the organization’s financial statements that describes
the organization’s accounting for conservation easements.
Part III
Organizations Maintaining Collections of Art, Historical Treasures, or Other Similar Assets.
Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 8.
1a
If the organization elected, as permitted under FASB ASC 958, not to report in its revenue statement and balance sheet works of art, historical treasures, or other similar assets held for public exhibition, education, or research in furtherance of public service, provide, in Part XIII, the text of the footnote to its financial statements that describes these items.
b
If the organization elected, as permitted under FASB ASC 958, to report in its revenue statement and balance sheet works of art, historical treasures, or other similar assets held for public exhibition, education, or research in furtherance of public service, provide the following amounts relating to these items:
(i)
Revenue included on Form 990, Part VIII, line 1 .........................right arrow $  
(ii)
Assets included in Form 990, Part X ...............................right arrow $  
2
If the organization received or held works of art, historical treasures, or other similar assets for financial gain, provide the
following amounts required to be reported under FASB ASC 958 relating to these items:
a
Revenue included on Form 990, Part VIII, line 1 ..........................right arrow $  
b
Assets included in Form 990, Part X ...............................right arrow $  
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see the Instructions for Form 990.
Cat. No. 52283D
Schedule D (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)

Schedule D (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Page 2
Part III
Organizations Maintaining Collections of Art, Historical Treasures, or Other Similar Assets (continued)
3
Using the organization’s acquisition, accession, and other records, check any of the following that are a significant use of its collection items (check all that apply):
a
d
b
e
 
c
4
Provide a description of the organization’s collections and explain how they further the organization’s exempt purpose in
Part XIII.
5
During the year, did the organization solicit or receive donations of art, historical treasures or other similar
assets to be sold to raise funds rather than to be maintained as part of the organization’s collection?...
Part IV
Escrow and Custodial Arrangements. Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 9, or reported an amount on Form 990, Part X, line 21.
1a
Is the organization an agent, trustee, custodian or other intermediary for contributions or other assets not
included on Form 990, Part X? ....................................
b If "Yes," explain the arrangement in Part XIII and complete the following table: Amount
c Beginning balance ............................. 1c  
d Additions during the year ............................ 1d  
e Distributions during the year .......................... 1e  
f Ending balance ................................ 1f  
2a
Did the organization include an amount on Form 990, Part X, line 21, for escrow or custodial account liability? ...
b
If "Yes," explain the arrangement in Part XIII. Check here if the explanation has been provided in Part XIII ....
Part V
Endowment Funds.
Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 10.
(a) Current year (b) Prior year (c) Two years back (d) Three years back (e) Four years back
1a Beginning of year balance .... 370,818,860 351,101,623 345,211,760 375,050,161 299,166,085
b Contributions ... 10,896,195 4,828,947 4,585,120 1,603,261 14,926,831
c Net investment earnings, gains, and losses 32,672,721 31,788,749 17,999,745 -15,394,543 74,973,285
d Grants or scholarships ...          
e Other expenditures for facilities
and programs ... 		17,515,183 16,900,459 16,695,002 16,047,119 14,016,040
f Administrative expenses ....          
g End of year balance ...... 396,872,593 370,818,860 351,101,623 345,211,760 375,050,161
2
Provide the estimated percentage of the current year end balance (line 1g, column (a)) held as:
a
Board designated or quasi-endowment right arrow5.63 %
b
Permanent endowment right arrow65.88 %
c
Term endowment right arrow28.49 %
The percentages on lines 2a, 2b, and 2c should equal 100%.
3a
Are there endowment funds not in the possession of the organization that are held and administered for the
organization by:

Yes
No
(i) Unrelated organizations .................
3a(i)
 
No
(ii) Related organizations .................
3a(ii)
 
No
b
If "Yes" on 3a(ii), are the related organizations listed as required on Schedule R? .........
3b
 
 
4
Describe in Part XIII the intended uses of the organization's endowment funds.
Part VI
Land, Buildings, and Equipment.
Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 11a. See Form 990, Part X, line 10.
Description of property (a) Cost or other basis
(investment) 		(b) Cost or other basis (other) (c) Accumulated depreciation (d) Book value
1a Land ..... 0 1,153,930 1,153,930
b Buildings .... 0 64,209,980 57,692,743 6,517,237
c Leasehold improvements 0 104,438,065 73,916,162 30,521,903
d Equipment .... 0 122,970,877 88,818,653 34,152,224
e Other ..... 0 931,946 929,095 2,851
Total. Add lines 1a through 1e. (Column (d) must equal Form 990, Part X, column (B), line 10(c).)..right arrow 72,348,145
Schedule D (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)

Schedule D (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Page 3
Part VII
Investments - Other Securities.
Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 11b. See Form 990, Part X, line 12.
(a) Description of security or category
(including name of security)		 (b) Book value (c) Method of valuation:
Cost or end-of-year market value
(1) Financial derivatives.........    
(2) Closely-held equity interests........    
(3) Other
(A) Closely-held equity interests		    

(B) Financial derivatives		    

(C) ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENTS		 512,331,461 F

(D) STOCKS NOT-PUBLICLY TRADED <5%		 3,011 C

(E) LIMITED PARTNERSHIP INTEREST		 28,955,451 F
(E)
(F)
(G)
(H)
Total. (Column (b) must equal Form 990, Part X, col. (B) line 12.)right arrow 541,289,923
Part VIII
Investments - Program Related. Complete if the organization answered 'Yes' on Form 990, Part IV, line 11c. See Form 990, Part X, line 13.
(a) Description of investment (b) Book value (c) Method of valuation:
Cost or end-of-year market value
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
Total. (Column (b) must equal Form 990, Part X, col.(B) line 13.)right arrow  
Part IX
Other Assets.
Complete if the organization answered 'Yes' on Form 990, Part IV, line 11d. See Form 990, Part X, line 15.
(a) Description (b) Book value
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
Total. (Column (b) must equal Form 990, Part X, col.(B) line 15.)...........right arrow  
Part X
Other Liabilities.
Complete if the organization answered 'Yes' on Form 990, Part IV, line 11e or 11f. See Form 990, Part X, line 25.
1.(a) Description of liability (b) Book value
(1) Federal income taxes 4,585
Federal Income Taxes 4,585
DEFERRED RETIREE MEDICAL OBLIG 3,642,212
LEASE LIABILITY 3,680,922






Total. (Column (b) must equal Form 990, Part X, col.(B) line 25.)right arrow 7,327,719
2. Liability for uncertain tax positions. In Part XIII, provide the text of the footnote to the organization's financial statements that reports the organization's liability for uncertain tax positions under FIN 48 (ASC 740). Check here if the text of the footnote has been provided in Part XIII
Schedule D (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)

Schedule D (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Page 4
Part XI Reconciliation of Revenue per Audited Financial Statements With Revenue per Return. Complete if the organization answered 'Yes' on Form 990, Part IV, line 12a.
1 Total revenue, gains, and other support per audited financial statements ....... 1 184,853,953
2 Amounts included on line 1 but not on Form 990, Part VIII, line 12:
a Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments .... 2a 32,481,538
b Donated services and use of facilities ......... 2b  
c Recoveries of prior year grants ........... 2c  
d Other (Describe in Part XIII.) ........... 2d 1,257,834
e Add lines 2a through 2d ..................... 2e 33,739,372
3 Subtract line 2e from line 1.................. 3 151,114,581
4 Amounts included on Form 990, Part VIII, line 12, but not on line 1:
a Investment expenses not included on Form 990, Part VIII, line 7b . 4a 2,786,589
b Other (Describe in Part XIII.) ........... 4b 27,492,272
c Add lines 4a and 4b.................... 4c 30,278,861
5 Total revenue. Add lines 3 and 4c. (This must equal Form 990, Part I, line 12.) ...... 5 181,393,442
Part XII Reconciliation of Expenses per Audited Financial Statements With Expenses per Return. Complete if the organization answered 'Yes' on Form 990, Part IV, line 12a.
1 Total expenses and losses per audited financial statements ........... 1 175,175,342
2 Amounts included on line 1 but not on Form 990, Part IX, line 25:
a Donated services and use of facilities ......... 2a  
b Prior year adjustments ............ 2b  
c Other losses ................ 2c  
d Other (Describe in Part XIII.) ........... 2d 1,071,132
e Add lines 2a through 2d.................... 2e 1,071,132
3 Subtract line 2e from line 1................... 3 174,104,210
4 Amounts included on Form 990, Part IX, line 25, but not on line 1:
a Investment expenses not included on Form 990, Part VIII, line 7b .. 4a 2,786,589
b Other (Describe in Part XIII.) ........... 4b 0
c Add lines 4a and 4b..................... 4c 2,786,589
5 Total expenses. Add lines 3 and 4c. (This must equal Form 990, Part I, line 18.) ...... 5 176,890,799
Part XIII
Supplemental Information
Provide the descriptions required for Part II, lines 3, 5, and 9; Part III, lines 1a and 4; Part lV, lines 1b and 2b; Part V, line 4; Part X, line 2; Part XI, lines 2d and 4b; and Part XII, lines 2d and 4b. Also complete this part to provide any additional information.
Return Reference Explanation
Schedule D, Part XI, Line 2(d) FUNDRAISING EVENTS EXPENSES $1,071,132 AND CHANGE IN VALUE OF DEFERRED GIFTS $186,702
Schedule D, Part XI, Line 4(b) INVESTMENT RETURN IN EXCESS OF AMOUNT DESIGNATED FOR CURRENT OPERATIONS UNDER SPENDING POLICY $27,492,226 AND ROUNDING $46
Schedule D, Part XII, Line 2(d) FUNDRAISING EVENTS EXPENSE $1,071,132
Schedule D, Part V, Line 4 Intended uses of endowment funds ENDOWMENT INCOME INTENDED TO BE USED FOR AND TO SUPPORT RESEARCH, OPERATIONS, AND LECTURESHIP EXPENSES.
Schedule D, Part X, Line 2 FIN 48 (ASC 740) footnote INCOME TAXES - THE INSTITUTE HAS NO UNRECOGNIZED TAX BENEFITS AS OF JUNE 30, 2025 AND 2024.
Schedule D, Part XI, Line 2(d) Other revenues in audited financial statements not in form 990 FUNDRAISING EXPENSES - 1071132 CHANGE IN VALUE OF DEFERRED GIFTS - 186702
Schedule D, Part XI, Line 4(b) Other revenues in form 990 not in audited financial statements INVESTMENT INCOME IN EXCESS OF AMOUNT DESIGNATED FOR CURRENT OPERATIONS - 27492226 ROUNDING - 46
Schedule D, Part XII, Line 2(d) Other expenses in audited financial statements not in form 990 FUNDRAISING EXPENSES - 1071132
Schedule D (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)


Additional Data


Software ID: 24020961
Software Version: 2024v5.1




SCHEDULE F(Form 990)
(Rev. January 2025)
Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
Statement of Activities Outside the United States
Right arrow Complete if the organization answered "Yes" to Form 990, Part IV, line 14b, 15, or 16.Right arrow Attach to Form 990.Right arrow Go to www.irs.gov/Form990 for instructions and the latest information.
OMB No. 1545-0047
Open to Public Inspection
Name of the organization
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
 
Employer identification number

95-2160097
Part I
General Information on Activities Outside the United States. Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 14b.
1
For grantmakers. Does the organization maintain records to substantiate the amount of its grants and
other assistance, the grantees’ eligibility for the grants or assistance, and the selection criteria used
to award the grants or assistance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
For grantmakers. Describe in Part V the organization’s procedures for monitoring the use of its grants and other assistance outside the United States.
3
Activites per Region. (The following Part I, line 3 table can be duplicated if additional space is needed.)
(a) Region (b) Number of offices in the region (c) Number of employees, agents, and independent contractors in the region (d) Activities conducted in region (by type) (such as, fundraising, program services, investments, grants to recipients located in the region) (e) If activity listed in (d) is a program service, describe specific type of
service(s) in the region		 (f) Total expenditures
for and investments
in the region
Europe (Including Iceland and Greenland) 0 0 Program Services SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION. 242,291
North America (Canada & Mexico only) 0 0 Program Services SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION. 60,272
South Asia 0 0 Program Services SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION. 3,098
East Asia and the Pacific 0 0 Program Services SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION. 47,254
Middle East and North Africa 0 0 Program Services SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION. 2,038
South America 0 0 Program Services SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION. 2,411
Central America and the Caribbean 0 0 Investments   221,237,118
Europe (Including Iceland and Greenland) 0 0 Investments   42,525,983
North America (Canada & Mexico only) 0 0 Investments   1,148,177
Central America and the Caribbean 0 0 Program Services SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION. 15,358
Sub-Saharan Africa 0 0 Program Services SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION. 6,734
           
           
           
           
           
           
3a Sub-total .... 0 0 265,290,734
b Total from continuation sheets to Part I ... 0 0 0
c Totals (add lines 3a and 3b) 0 0 265,290,734
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see the Instructions for Form 990.Cat. No. 50082W Schedule F (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Schedule F (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Page 2
Part II
Grants and Other Assistance to Organizations or Entities Outside the United States. Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 15, for any recipient who received more than $5,000. Part II can be duplicated if additional space is needed.
1 (a) Name of organization (b) IRS code section
and EIN (if applicable)		 (c) Region (d) Purpose of
grant 		(e) Amount of
cash grant 		(f) Manner of
cash
disbursement 		(g) Amount
of noncash
assistance 		(h) Description
of noncash
assistance 		(i) Method of
valuation
(book, FMV,
appraisal, other)
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
2 Enter total number of recipient organizations listed above that are recognized as charities by the foreign country, recognized as tax-exempt by the IRS, or for which the grantee or counsel has provided a section 501(c)(3) equivalency letter .......MediumBullet
 
3 Enter total number of other organizations or entities .......................MediumBullet
 
Schedule F (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Schedule F (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)Page 3
Part III
Grants and Other Assistance to Individuals Outside the United States. Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 16.
Part III can be duplicated if additional space is needed.
(a) Type of grant or assistance (b) Region (c) Number of recipients (d) Amount of
cash grant 		(e) Manner of cash
disbursement 		(f) Amount of
noncash
assistance 		(g) Description
of noncash
assistance 		(h) Method of
valuation
(book, FMV,
appraisal, other)
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
Schedule F (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Schedule F (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Page 4
Part IV
Foreign Forms
1 Was the organization a U.S. transferor of property to a foreign corporation during the tax year? If "Yes," the organization may be required to file Form 926, Return by a U.S. Transferor of Property to a Foreign Corporation (see Instructions for Form 926). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Did the organization have an interest in a foreign trust during the tax year? If "Yes," the organization may be required to separately file Form 3520, Annual Return to Report Transactions with Foreign Trusts and Receipt of Certain Foreign Gifts, and/or Form 3520-A, Annual Information Return of Foreign Trust With a U.S. Owner (see Instructions for Forms 3520 and 3520-A; don't file with Form 990). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Did the organization have an ownership interest in a foreign corporation during the tax year? If "Yes," the organization may be required to file Form 5471, Information Return of U.S. Persons with Respect to Certain Foreign Corporations. (see Instructions for Form 5471). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Was the organization a direct or indirect shareholder of a passive foreign investment company or a qualified electing fund during the tax year? If “Yes,” the organization may be required to file Form 8621, Information Return by a Shareholder of a Passive Foreign Investment Company or Qualified Electing Fund. (see Instructions for Form 8621) .
5 Did the organization have an ownership interest in a foreign partnership during the tax year? If "Yes," the organization may be required to file Form 8865, Return of U.S. Persons with Respect to Certain Foreign Partnerships (see Instructions for Form 8865). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 Did the organization have any operations in or related to any boycotting countries during the tax year? If "Yes," the organization may be required to separately file Form 5713, International Boycott Report (see Instructions for Form 5713; don't file with Form 990).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Schedule F (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Schedule F (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Page 5
Part V
Supplemental Information
Provide the information required by Part I, line 2 (monitoring of funds); Part I, line 3, column (f) (accounting method; amounts of investments vs. expenditures per region); Part II, line 1 (accounting method); Part III (accounting method); and Part III, column (c) (estimated number of recipients), as applicable. Also complete this part to provide any additional information. See instructions.
ReturnReference Explanation
Schedule F, Part I, Line 3 Method used to account for expenditures on org's financial statements CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN-Accrual; EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-Accrual; EUROPE (INCLUDING ICELAND AND GREENLAND)-Accrual; MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA-Accrual; NORTH AMERICA (CANADA & MEXICO ONLY)-Accrual; SOUTH AMERICA-Accrual; SOUTH ASIA-Accrual; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA-Accrual
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
Schedule F (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Additional Data


Software ID: 24020961
Software Version: 2024v5.1



SCHEDULE G (Form 990)
(Rev. January 2025)
Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
Supplemental Information Regarding
Fundraising or Gaming Activities
Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, lines 17, 18, or 19, or if the organization entered more than $15,000 on Form 990-EZ, line 6a. right arrowAttach to Form 990 or Form 990-EZ.
right arrowGo to www.irs.gov/Form990 for instructions and the latest information.
OMB No. 1545-0047
Open to Public Inspection
Name of the organization
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
 
Employer identification number

95-2160097
Part I
Fundraising Activities.Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 17.
Form 990-EZ filers are not required to complete this part.
1
Indicate whether the organization raised funds through any of the following activities. Check all that apply.
a e
b f
c g
d
2a
Did the organization have a written or oral agreement with any individual (including officers, directors, trustees
or key employees listed in Form 990, Part VII) or entity in connection with professional fundraising services?
b
If "Yes," list the 10 highest paid individuals or entities (fundraisers) pursuant to agreements under which the fundraiser is
to be compensated at least $5,000 by the organization.


(i) Name and address of individual
or entity (fundraiser) 		(ii) Activity (iii) Did fundraiser have custody or control of contributions? (iv) Gross receipts
from activity 		(v) Amount paid to
(or retained by)
fundraiser listed in
col. (i) 		(vi) Amount paid to
(or retained by)
organization
Yes No
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . right arrow      
3
List all states in which the organization is registered or licensed to solicit contributions or has been notified it is exempt from registration or licensing.
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see the Instructions for Form 990 or 990-EZ.
Cat. No. 50083H
Schedule G (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Schedule G (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Page 2
Part II
Fundraising Events. Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 18, or reported more than $15,000 of fundraising event contributions and gross income on Form 990-EZ, lines 1 and 6b. List events with gross receipts greater than $5,000.




VerticalRevenue
(a) Event #1

CONCERT
(event type) 		(b) Event #2

 
(event type) 		(c) Other events

 
(total number) 		(d) Total events
(add col. (a) through col. (c))

1
Gross receipts . . . . .
1,006,915
 
 
1,006,915

2
Less: Contributions . . . .
855,115
 
 
855,115
3 Gross income (line 1 minus
line 2) . . . . . .
151,800
0
0
151,800



VerticalDirectExpenses
4 Cash prizes . . . . .        
5 Noncash prizes . . . .        
6 Rent/facility costs . . . .        
7 Food and beverages . . . 95,855     95,855
8 Entertainment . . . . 326,760     326,760
9 Other direct expenses . . . 648,517     648,517
10 Direct expense summary. Add lines 4 through 9 in column (d) . . . . . . . . . . right arrow 1,071,132
11 Net income summary. Subtract line 10 from line 3, column (d). . . . . . . . . . right arrow -919,332
Part III
Gaming. Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 19, or reported more than $15,000 on Form 990-EZ, line 6a.
VerticalRevenue
(a) Bingo (b) Pull tabs/Instant
bingo/progressive bingo 		(c) Other gaming (d) Total gaming (add col.(a) through col.(c))

1
Gross revenue . . . . .
 
 
 
 
VerticalDirectExpenses

2
Cash prizes . . . . .
 
 
 
 

3
Noncash prizes . . . .
 
 
 
 

4
Rent/facility costs . . . .
 
 
 
 

5
Other direct expenses . . .
 
 
 
 


6

Volunteer labor . . . .
%
%
%


7
Direct expense summary. Add lines 2 through 5 in column (d) . . . . . . . . . . right arrow
 

8
Net gaming income summary. Subtract line 7 from line 1, column (d). . . . . . . . . right arrow
 

9
Enter the state(s) in which the organization conducts gaming activities:
a
Is the organization licensed to conduct gaming activities in each of these states? . . . . . . . .
YesNo
b
If "No," explain:
 
10a
Were any of the organization's gaming licenses revoked, suspended or terminated during the tax year? . . .
YesNo
b
If "Yes," explain:
 
Schedule G (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Schedule G (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Page 3
11
Does the organization conduct gaming activities with nonmembers? . . . . . . . . . . .
YesNo
12
Is the organization a grantor, beneficiary or trustee of a trust or a member of a partnership or other entity
formed to administer charitable gaming? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
YesNo
13
Indicate the percentage of gaming activity conducted in:
a
The organization's facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13a
%
b
An outside facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13b
%
14
Enter the name and address of the person who prepares the organization's gaming/special events books and records:
Name right arrow
Address right arrow
15a
Does the organization have a contract with a third party from whom the organization receives gaming
revenue? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b
If "Yes," enter the amount of gaming revenue received by the organization right arrow $   and the
amount of gaming revenue retained by the third party right arrow $   .
c
If "Yes," enter name and address of the third party:
Name right arrow
Address right arrow
16
Gaming manager information:
Name right arrow
Gaming manager compensation right arrow $  
Description of services provided right arrow
 
17
Mandatory distributions:
a
Is the organization required under state law to make charitable distributions from the gaming proceeds to
retain the state gaming license? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b
Enter the amount of distributions required under state law distributed to other exempt organizations or spent
in the organization's own exempt activities during the tax year right arrow$  
Part IV
Supplemental Information. Provide the explanations required by Part I, line 2b, columns (iii) and (v); and Part III, lines 9, 9b, 10b, 15b, 15c, 16, and 17b, as applicable. Also provide any additional information. See instructions.
Return Reference Explanation
Schedule G (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Additional Data


Software ID: 24020961
Software Version: 2024v5.1
Schedule J
(Form 990)
(Rev. January 2025)
Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
Compensation Information
For certain Officers, Directors, Trustees, Key Employees, and Highest
Compensated Employees
medium right arrow graphic Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 23.
medium right arrow graphic Attach to Form 990.
medium right arrow graphic Go to www.irs.gov/Form990 for instructions and the latest information.
OMB No. 1545-0047
Open to Public Inspection
Name of the organization
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
 
Employer identification number

95-2160097
Part I
Questions Regarding Compensation
Yes
No
1a
Check the appropiate box(es) if the organization provided any of the following to or for a person listed on Form
990, Part VII, Section A, line 1a. Complete Part III to provide any relevant information regarding these items.
b
If any of the boxes on Line 1a are checked, did the organization follow a written policy regarding payment or reimbursement or provision of all of the expenses described above? If "No," complete Part III to explain .....
1b
Yes
 
2
Did the organization require substantiation prior to reimbursing or allowing expenses incurred by all
directors, trustees, officers, including the CEO/Executive Director, regarding the items checked on Line 1a? ....
2
Yes
 
3
Indicate which, if any, of the following the filing organization used to establish the compensation of the
organization's CEO/Executive Director. Check all that apply. Do not check any boxes for methods
used by a related organization to establish compensation of the CEO/Executive Director, but explain in Part III.
4
During the year, did any person listed on Form 990, Part VII, Section A, line 1a, with respect to the filing organization or a related organization:
a
Receive a severance payment or change-of-control payment? .............
4a
 
No
b
Participate in, or receive payment from, a supplemental nonqualified retirement plan? .........
4b
 
No
c
Participate in, or receive payment from, an equity-based compensation arrangement? .........
4c
 
No
If "Yes" to any of lines 4a-c, list the persons and provide the applicable amounts for each item in Part III.
Only 501(c)(3), 501(c)(4), and 501(c)(29) organizations must complete lines 5-9.
5
For persons listed on Form 990, Part VII, Section A, line 1a, did the organization pay or accrue any
compensation contingent on the revenues of:
a
The organization? ....................
5a
 
No
b
Any related organization? .......................
5b
 
No
If "Yes," on line 5a or 5b, describe in Part III.
6
For persons listed on Form 990, Part VII, Section A, line 1a, did the organization pay or accrue any
compensation contingent on the net earnings of:
a
The organization? ..................
6a
 
No
b
Any related organization? ......................
6b
 
No
If "Yes," on line 6a or 6b, describe in Part III.
7
For persons listed on Form 990, Part VII, Section A, line 1a, did the organization provide any nonfixed
payments not described in lines 5 and 6? If "Yes," describe in Part III ............
7
 
No
8
Were any amounts reported on Form 990, Part VII, paid or accured pursuant to a contract that was
subject to the initial contract exception described in Regulations section 53.4958-4(a)(3)? If "Yes," describe
in Part III ..........................
8
 
No
9
If "Yes" on line 8, did the organization also follow the rebuttable presumption procedure described in Regulations section 53.4958-6(c)? .........................
9
 
 
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see the Instructions for Form 990.
Cat. No. 50053T
Schedule J (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)

Schedule J (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Page 2
Part II
Officers, Directors, Trustees, Key Employees, and Highest Compensated Employees. Use duplicate copies if additional space is needed.
For each individual whose compensation must be reported on Schedule J, report compensation from the organization on row (i) and from related organizations, described in the
instructions, on row (ii). Do not list any individuals that are not listed on Form 990, Part VII.
Note. The sum of columns (B)(i)-(iii) for each listed individual must equal the total amount of Form 990, Part VII, Section A, line 1a, applicable column (D) and (E) amounts for that individual.
(A) Name and Title (B) Breakdown of W-2, 1099-MISC compensation, and/or 1099-NEC (C) Retirement and other deferred compensation (D) Nontaxable
benefits		 (E) Total of columns
(B)(i)-(D) 		(F) Compensation in column (B) reported as deferred on prior Form 990
(i) Base
compensation 		(ii) Bonus & incentive
compensation 		(iii) Other reportable compensation
1GERALD JOYCE MD PHD
PRESIDENT / PROFESSOR 		(i)

(ii)		 896,915
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0 		10,668
-------------
0 		42,750
-------------
0 		19,627
-------------
0 		969,960
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0
2JANELLE AYRES PHD
TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR 		(i)

(ii)		 179,856
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0 		23,642
-------------
0 		22,781
-------------
0 		7,313
-------------
0 		233,592
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0
3WOLFGANG BUSCH PHD
TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR 		(i)

(ii)		 229,434
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0 		110,571
-------------
0 		39,014
-------------
0 		21,858
-------------
0 		400,877
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0
4REUBEN SHAW PHD
TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR (OUTGOING MAR 2025) 		(i)

(ii)		 268,932
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0 		142,585
-------------
0 		42,000
-------------
0 		16,573
-------------
0 		470,090
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0
5CHRISTIAN METALLO PHD
TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR (INCOMING APR 2025) 		(i)

(ii)		 272,356
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0 		38,136
-------------
0 		34,171
-------------
0 		25,781
-------------
0 		370,444
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0
6KIM E WITMER
TREASURER/SVP FINANCE & ADMN (OUTGOING OCT 2024) 		(i)

(ii)		 425,046
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0 		21,526
-------------
0 		41,400
-------------
0 		8,509
-------------
0 		496,481
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0
7JULIA A MILLER JD
SECRETARY/GENERAL COUNSEL 		(i)

(ii)		 393,051
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0 		37,624
-------------
0 		42,000
-------------
0 		26,461
-------------
0 		499,136
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0
8KIMBERLY CASTILLO
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER 		(i)

(ii)		 342,977
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0 		10,392
-------------
0 		42,000
-------------
0 		19,838
-------------
0 		415,207
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0
9EDWARD CALLAWAY PHD
PROFESSOR 		(i)

(ii)		 367,527
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0 		15,761
-------------
0 		46,300
-------------
0 		19,627
-------------
0 		449,215
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0
10FRED GAGE PHD
PROFESSOR 		(i)

(ii)		 435,306
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0 		17,815
-------------
0 		42,000
-------------
0 		21,722
-------------
0 		516,843
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0
11SUSAN KAECH PHD
PROFESSOR 		(i)

(ii)		 300,774
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0 		55,744
-------------
0 		39,862
-------------
0 		25,927
-------------
0 		422,307
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0
12JAN KARLSEDER PHD
PROFESSOR 		(i)

(ii)		 443,770
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0 		46,517
-------------
0 		53,398
-------------
0 		10,748
-------------
0 		554,433
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0
13JERRY SHEEHAN
CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER 		(i)

(ii)		 326,175
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0 		28,132
-------------
0 		38,332
-------------
0 		5,923
-------------
0 		398,562
-------------
0 		0
-------------
0
Schedule J (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)

Schedule J (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Page 3
Part III
Supplemental Information
Provide the information, explanation, or descriptions required for Part I, lines 1a, 1b, 3, 4a, 4b, 4c, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7, and 8, and for Part II. Also complete this part for any additional information.
Return Reference Explanation
Schedule J, Part I, Line 1a First-class or charter travel FIRST-CLASS OR CHARTER TRAVEL: GERALD JOYCE, PH.D., PROFESSOR - $20,441; FRED GAGE, PH.D., PROFESSOR - $14,577; JANELLE AYRES, PH.D., PROFESSOR - $2,444; JAN KARLSEDER, PH.D., PROFESSOR - $883. NOT TAXABLE - ACCOUNTABLE PLAN.
Schedule J (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)

Additional Data


Software ID: 24020961
Software Version: 2024v5.1
Schedule L
(Form 990)
(Rev. January 2025)
Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
Transactions with Interested Persons
Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, lines 25a, 25b, 26, 27, 28a, 28b, or 28c, or Form 990-EZ, Part V, line 38a or 40b.
Attach to Form 990 or Form 990-EZ.
Go to www.irs.gov/Form990 for instructions and the latest information.
OMB No. 1545-0047
Open to Public Inspection
Name of the organization
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
 
Employer identification number

95-2160097
Part I
Excess Benefit Transactions (section 501(c)(3), section 501(c)(4), and section 501(c)(29) organizations only).
Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 25a or 25b, or Form 990-EZ, Part V, line 40b.
1(a) Name of disqualified person (b) Relationship between disqualified person and organization (c) Description of transaction (d) Corrected?
Yes No
2
Enter the amount of tax incurred by the organization managers or disqualified persons during the year under section 4958. ........................... $
 
3
Enter the amount of tax, if any, on line 2, above, reimbursed by the organization ........ $
 

Part II
Loans to and/or From Interested Persons.
Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990-EZ, Part V, line 38a, or Form 990, Part IV, line 26; or if the organization reported an amount on Form 990, Part X, line 5, 6, or 22
(a) Name of interested person (b) Relationship with organization (c) Purpose of loan (d) Loan to or from the organization? (e) Original principal amount (f) Balance due (g) In default? (h) Approved by board or committee? (i) Written agreement?
To From Yes No Yes No Yes No
(1) REUBEN SHAW
  		PROFESSOR HOME LOAN   X 700,000 210,462   No Yes   Yes  
(2) CHRISTIAN METALLO
  		PROFESSOR HOME LOAN   X 272,467 191,697   No Yes   Yes  
Total ............... $ 402,159
Part III
Grants or Assistance Benefiting Interested Persons.
Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 27.
(a) Name of interested person (b) Relationship between interested person and the organization (c) Amount of assistance (d) Type of assistance (e) Purpose of assistance
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see the Instructions for Form 990 or 990-EZ.
Cat. No. 50056A
Schedule L (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Schedule L (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Page 2
Part IV
Business Transactions Involving Interested Persons.
Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 28a, 28b, or 28c.
(a) Name of interested person (b) Relationship between interested person and the organization (c) Amount of transaction (d) Description of transaction (e) Sharing of organization's revenues?
Yes No
Part V
Supplemental Information
Provide additional information for responses to questions on Schedule L (see instructions).
Return Reference Explanation
Schedule L (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)


Additional Data


Software ID: 24020961
Software Version: 2024v5.1




SCHEDULE M
(Form 990)

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
Noncash Contributions
Right pointing arrow large image Complete if the organizations answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, lines 29 or 30.
Right pointing arrow large image Attach to Form 990.
Right pointing arrow large image Go to www.irs.gov/Form990 for the latest information.
OMB No. 1545-0047
2024
Open to Public Inspection
Name of the organization
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
 
Employer identification number

95-2160097
Part I
Types of Property
(a)
Check if applicable 		(b)
Number of contributions or items contributed 		(c)
Noncash contribution amounts reported on
Form 990, Part VIII, line 1g 		(d)
Method of determining
noncash contribution amounts
1 Art—Works of art ....        
2 Art—Historical treasures .        
3 Art—Fractional interests ..        
4 Books and publications ..      
5 Clothing and household
goods ....... 		     
6 Cars and other vehicles ..        
7 Boats and planes ....        
8 Intellectual property ...        
9 Securities—Publicly traded .   32 9,074,953 Market value
10 Securities—Closely held stock .        
11 Securities—Partnership, LLC,
or trust interests .... 		       
12 Securities—Miscellaneous ..        
13 Qualified conservation
contribution—Historic
structures ..... 		       
14 Qualified conservation
contribution—Other ... 		       
15 Real estate—Residential .        
16 Real estate—Commercial ..        
17 Real estate—Other ...        
18 Collectibles .....        
19 Food inventory ...        
20 Drugs and medical supplies .        
21 Taxidermy ......        
22 Historical artifacts ....        
23 Scientific specimens ..        
24 Archeological artifacts ...        
25 Other Right pointing arrow large image ( )
26 Other Right pointing arrow large image ( )
27 Other Right pointing arrow large image ( )
28 Other Right pointing arrow large image ( )
29
Number of Forms 8283 received by the organization during the tax year for contributions
for which the organization completed Form 8283, Part IV, Donee Acknowledgement
29
0
Yes
No
30a
During the year, did the organization receive by contribution any property reported in Part I, lines 1 through 28, that it must hold for at least three years from the date of the initial contribution, and which isn't required to be used for exempt purposes for the entire holding period? ...................
30a
 
No
b
If "Yes," describe the arrangement in Part II.
31
Does the organization have a gift acceptance policy that requires the review of any nonstandard contributions?
31
Yes
 
32a
Does the organization hire or use third parties or related organizations to solicit, process, or sell noncash
contributions? ..........................
32a
 
No
b
If "Yes," describe in Part II.
33
If the organization didn't report an amount in column (c) for a type of property for which column (a) is checked,
describe in Part II.
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see the Instructions for Form 990.
Cat. No. 51227J
Schedule M (Form 990) (2024)
Schedule M (Form 990) (2024)
Page 2
Part IISupplemental Information. Provide the information required by Part I, lines 30b, 32b, and 33, and whether the organization is reporting in Part I, column (b), the number of contributions, the number of items received, or a combination of both. Also complete this part for any additional information.
Return Reference Explanation
Schedule M, Part I Explanations of reporting method for number of contributions Securities - Publicly traded - SECURITIES - PUBLICLY TRADED - THE AMOUNT REPORTED REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED.
Schedule M (Form 990) (2024)

Additional Data


Software ID: 24020961
Software Version: 2024v5.1
SCHEDULE O
(Form 990)
(Rev. January 2025)
Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
Supplemental Information to Form 990 or 990-EZ

Complete to provide information for responses to specific questions on
Form 990 or 990-EZ or to provide any additional information.
Attach to Form 990 or 990-EZ.
 Go to www.irs.gov/Form990 for instructions and the latest information.
OMB No. 1545-0047
Open to Public
Inspection
Name of the organization
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
 
Employer identification number

95-2160097
Return Reference Explanation
Form 990, Part VI, Line 1a Delegate broad authority to a committee THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SHALL ADVISE AND AID THE OFFICERS OF THE CORPORATION IN ALL MATTERS CONCERNING ITS INTERESTS, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ALL MATTERS RELATING TO COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS, AND SHALL POSSESS AND MAY EXERCISE, DURING THE INTERVALS BETWEEN THE MEETINGS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, ALL THE POWERS AND AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE BUSINESS AND AFFAIRS OF THE CORPORATION, INCLUDING THE POWER TO AUTHORIZE THE CORPORATE SEAL TO BE AFFIXED TO ANY AND ALL DOCUMENTS WHICH MAY REQUIRE THE SAME TO BE AFFIXED THERETO, INSOFAR AS SUCH SEEMS TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE FOR THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CORPORATION, IN ALL CASES IN WHICH SPECIFIC DIRECTIONS SHALL NOT HAVE BEEN GIVEN BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, EXCEPT THAT THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SHALL HAVE NO POWER TO ADOPT, AMEND, OR REPEAL THE BY-LAWS.
Form 990, Part VI, Line 6 Classes of members or stockholders MEMBERSHIP OF THE CORPORATION CONSISTS OF THE PERSONS ELECTED TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES AND THREE MEMBERS FROM AMONG THE RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT FELLOWS AND PROFESSORS CHOSEN AND ELECTED ANNUALLY BY THE RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT FELLOWS AND PROFESSORS.
Form 990, Part VI, Line 7a Members or stockholders electing members of governing body THE MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION ELECT THE TRUSTEES.
Form 990, Part VI, Line 7b Decisions requiring approval by members or stockholders THE MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION MAY ALTER, AMEND, OR REPEAL THE BY-LAWS BY VOTE.
Form 990, Part VI, Line 11b Review of form 990 by governing body THE FORM 990 IS PREPARED BY THE INSTITUTE, INTERNALLY REVIEWED BY THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER AND EXTERNALLY REVIEWED BY THE TAX DEPARTMENT OF A PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM. PRIOR TO ELECTRONIC FILING, A COPY OF THIS FORM 990 IS PROVIDED TO AND DISCUSSED IN THE EXECUTIVE SESSION OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES.
Form 990, Part VI, Line 12c Conflict of interest policy ANNUALLY, THE CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLOSURE STATEMENT IS SENT OUT FOR COMPLETION BY THE MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, SENIOR MEMBERS OF ADMINISTRATION AND RESEARCHERS. THE DESIGNATED OFFICIAL FOR EACH GROUP REVIEWS THE COMPLETED FORMS AND BRINGS ANY POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST TO THE RESPECTIVE COMMITTEES FOR REVIEW. UPON DETERMINATION THAT A CONFLICT OF INTEREST EXISTS, THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS MAY BE IMPOSED: A. MONITORING OF ACTIVITIES GENERATING THE CONFLICT BY ANOTHER MEMBER; B. DISQUALIFICATION FROM PARTICIPATION IN THE ACTIVITIES GIVING RISE TO THE CONFLICT; C. MODIFICATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES TO AVOID CONFLICTS; D. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OR DIVESTITURE OF SIGNIFICANT FINANCIAL INTERESTS; E. MODIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH PLAN OR REMOVAL OF THE AFFECTED RESEARCHER FROM THE RESEARCH; F. SEVERANCE OF RELATIONSHIP THAT CREATES ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL CONFLICTS; G. TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT.
Form 990, Part VI, Line 15a Process to establish compensation of top management official A COMPREHENSIVE MARKET ASSESSMENT WAS COMPLETED IN APRIL 2024, BASED ON COMPENSATION DATA FROM A SELECTED PEER GROUP FOR SALK PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP ROLES. THIS ASSESSMENT WAS PROVIDED TO SALK'S BOARD CHAIR, CO-CHAIR, CHAIR OF THE PEOPLE & CULTURE COMMITTEE, AND TO SALK'S PRESIDENT. SALK'S PRESIDENT AND THE INSTITUTE'S VICE-PRESIDENT PEOPLE & CULTURE DISCUSSED THE PERFORMANCE OF VICE-PRESIDENT-LEVEL EXECUTIVES AT A MEETING ON MARCH 28, 2025; THE VICE-PRESIDENT PEOPLE & CULTURE WAS NOT PRESENT FOR DISCUSSION ABOUT HER PERFORMANCE. AFTER THIS MEETING, A SEPARATE DISCUSSION ABOUT THE COMPENSATION OF THE INSTITUTE PRESIDENT, RECOMMENDED CHANGES WERE PRESENTED TO AND APPROVED BY THE SALK BOARD OF TRUSTEES AT THE EXECUTIVE SESSION OF THE APRIL 4, 2025 BOARD OF TRUSTEES MEETING.
Form 990, Part VI, Line 15b Process to establish compensation of other employees A COMPREHENSIVE MARKET ASSESSMENT WAS COMPLETED IN APRIL 2024, BASED ON COMPENSATION DATA FROM A SELECTED PEER GROUP FOR SALK PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP ROLES. THIS ASSESSMENT WAS PROVIDED TO SALK'S BOARD CHAIR, CO-CHAIR, CHAIR OF THE PEOPLE & CULTURE COMMITTEE, AND TO SALK'S PRESIDENT. SALK'S PRESIDENT AND THE INSTITUTE'S VICE-PRESIDENT PEOPLE & CULTURE DISCUSSED THE PERFORMANCE OF VICE-PRESIDENT-LEVEL EXECUTIVES AT A MEETING ON MARCH 28, 2025; THE VICE-PRESIDENT PEOPLE & CULTURE WAS NOT PRESENT FOR DISCUSSION ABOUT HER PERFORMANCE. AFTER THIS MEETING, A SEPARATE DISCUSSION ABOUT THE COMPENSATION OF THE INSTITUTE PRESIDENT, RECOMMENDED CHANGES WERE PRESENTED TO AND APPROVED BY THE SALK BOARD OF TRUSTEES AT THE EXECUTIVE SESSION OF THE APRIL 4, 2025 BOARD OF TRUSTEES MEETING.
Form 990, Part VI, Line 19 Required documents available to the public UPON REQUEST, THE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER MAKES AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THE INSTITUTE'S GOVERNING DOCUMENTS AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ARE AVAILABLE ON THE SALK WEBSITE.
Form 990, Part VII, Section A DIRECTORS COMPENSATION THE FOLLOWING INDIVIDUALS WERE COMPENSATED FOR THE FOLLOWING SERVICES AND NOT PAID AS TRUSTEES: GERALD JOYCE, PH.D. - PRESIDENT/PROFESSOR; REUBEN SHAW, PH.D. - PROFESSOR; JANELLE AYRES, PH.D. - PROFESSOR; WOLFGANG BUSCH, PH.D. - PROFESSOR; CHRISTIAN METALLO, PH.D. - PROFESSOR.
Form 990, Part VIII, Line 11d Other Miscellaneous Revenue OTHER REVENUE - Total Revenue: 269, Related or Exempt Function Revenue: , Unrelated Business Revenue: , Revenue Excluded from Tax Under Sections 512, 513, or 514: 269;
Form 990, Part XI, Line 9 Other changes in net assets or fund balances POSTRETIREMENT BENEFIT CHANGES OTHER THAN NET PERIODIC BENEFIT COST - 398627; CHANGE IN VALUE OF DEFERRED GIFTS - 186702; ROUNDING - -47; Total - 585282;
FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4A CONTINUED THE SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES IS A WORLD-RENOWED, INDEPENDENT RESEARCH INSTITUTE DEDICATED TO ADVANCING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF LIFE SCIENCES AND IMPROVING HUMAN HEALTH. ITS PROGRAMS BRING TOGETHER LEADING SCIENTISTS ACROSS DISCIPLINES TO EXPLORE FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS IN BIOLOGY, FROM THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF DISEASE TO THE COMPLEXITIES OF THE BRAIN AND THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON LIVING SYSTEMS. THROUGH COLLABORATIVE, CURIOSITY-DRIVEN RESEARCH AND INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY, SALK'S PROGRAMS AIM TO TRANSLATE SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES INTO REAL-WORLD SOLUTIONS THAT BENEFIT SOCIETY. BELOW ARE HIGHLIGHTED SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS DURING JULY 2024 THROUGH JUNE 2025. STUDY REVEALS KEY GENE PROTECTING PLANTS FROM HARMFUL METALS IN SOIL - THE EXCESSIVE USE OF MANURE AND SEWAGE SLUDGE CAN INCREASE HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL LAND WHERE VITAL CROPS ARE GROWN. ONE OF THESE HEAVY METALS IS ZINC, A MICRONUTRIENT NECESSARY FOR PLANT AND ANIMAL HEALTH. IN EXCESS, HOWEVER, ZINC CAN BE EXTREMELY DAMAGING TO SENSITIVE PLANT SPECIES. SALK RESEARCHERS IDENTIFIED A GENE, CALLED TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE OR TBR, THAT HELPS PLANTS MANAGE EXCESS ZINC BY TRAPPING IT IN THEIR ROOT CELL WALLS. SCIENTISTS AND FARMERS CAN NOW USE THIS INFORMATION TO DEVELOP AND GROW CROPS THAT ARE MORE RESILIENT TO SOIL CONTAMINATION. ENHANCING PLANT RESILIENCE IN THIS WAY IS A MAJOR GOAL OF SALK'S HARNESSING PLANTS INITIATIVE. THE STUDY WAS LED BY WOLFGANG BUSCH, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN NATURE COMMUNICATIONS ON JULY 11, 2024. NEW TOOLS REVEAL NEUROPEPTIDES, NOT FAST NEUROTRANSMITTERS, ENCODE DANGER IN THE BRAIN - IN THE SPLIT SECOND THAT YOU ACCIDENTALLY TOUCH THE HOT HANDLE OF A CAST IRON SKILLET, PAIN AND A SENSE OF DANGER RUSH IN. RESEARCHERS ASSUMED THIS PROCESS MUST BE MEDIATED BY FAST-ACTING NEUROTRANSMITTERS, BUT SALK RESEARCHERS CREATED TWO NEW TOOLS TO STUDY THE EMOTIONAL FEAR RESPONSE CIRCUIT IN LIVE MICE FOR THE FIRST TIME. THEY FOUND THAT LARGER, SLOWER MOLECULES CALLED NEUROPEPTIDES ARE THE MAIN MESSENGERS IN THIS CIRCUIT-AND MORE THAN ONE NEUROPEPTIDE IS INVOLVED. THEIR FINDINGS MAY EXPLAIN WHY EXISTING MEDICATIONS THAT TARGET ONLY ONE NEUROPEPTIDE ARE OFTEN INEFFECTIVE AND COULD INSPIRE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TREATMENTS FOR FEAR-RELATED CONDITIONS LIKE ANXIETY AND PTSD. THE STUDY WAS LED BY SUNG HAN, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN CELL ON JULY 22, 2024. FUEL LEVEL LOW! ENERGY DEFICITS HARM ATHLETES' HEALTH, NEW RESEARCH TOOL REVEALS HOW - RELATIVE ENERGY DEFICIENCY IN SPORT, OR REDS, IS ESTIMATED TO AFFECT MORE THAN 40% OF PROFESSIONAL ATHLETES-AND THE RATE COULD BE EVEN HIGHER IN RECREATIONAL ATHLETES AND EXERCISERS. ATHLETES DEVELOP REDS BY CONSISTENTLY EXPENDING MORE ENERGY THAN THEY TAKE IN. OVER TIME, THIS ENERGY DEFICIT CAN LEAD TO HORMONAL AND REPRODUCTIVE ISSUES, INSOMNIA AND FATIGUE, BONE WEAKNESS AND INJURY, AND A HIGHER RISK OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION. SALK SCIENTISTS CREATED A LANDMARK MOUSE MODEL OF REDS, WITH WHICH THEY FOUND THAT REDS AFFECTS ORGAN SIZE AND GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS ACROSS THE ENTIRE BODY. WHAT'S MORE, THE SYNDROME APPEARS TO IMPACT MALE AND FEMALE MICE DIFFERENTLY, IMPACTING KIDNEY HEALTH THE MOST IN MALES AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND MUSCLE MASS IN FEMALES. THIS WORK COULD IMPROVE REDS DIAGNOSIS AND REVEAL MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR FUTURE THERAPEUTICS TO HALT, REVERSE, OR PREVENT THE SYNDROME. THE STUDY WAS LED BY SATCHIDANANDA PANDA, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN CELL METABOLISM ON SEPTEMBER 3, 2024. ONE IN THREE AMERICANS HAS A DYSFUNCTIONAL METABOLISM, BUT INTERMITTENT FASTING COULD HELP - MORE THAN ONE-THIRD OF ADULTS IN THE UNITED STATES HAVE METABOLIC SYNDROME, A CLUSTER OF CONDITIONS THAT SIGNIFICANTLY RAISE A PERSON'S RISK OF HEART DISEASE, STROKE, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. THESE CONDITIONS INCLUDE HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, ELEVATED BLOOD SUGAR, EXCESS ABDOMINAL FAT, AND ABNORMAL CHOLESTEROL LEVELS. IN A NEW CLINICAL TRIAL, RESEARCHERS AT SALK AND UC SAN DIEGO FOUND THAT TIME-RESTRICTED EATING-ALSO KNOWN AS INTERMITTENT FASTING-COULD OFFER SIGNIFICANT HEALTH BENEFITS TO ADULTS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME. COMPARED TO OTHER PRESCRIBED LIFESTYLE CHANGES, TIME-RESTRICTED EATING COULD OFFER A MORE PRACTICAL INTERVENTION ACCESSIBLE TO A WIDER RANGE OF PATIENTS. THE STUDY WAS LED BY SATCHIDANANDA PANDA, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE ON OCTOBER 1, 2024. NEW BRAIN-MAPPING TOOL MAY BE THE "START" OF NEXT-GENERATION THERAPEUTICS - WHEN REPAIRING A CAR, IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND ITS BASIC BLUEPRINT AND HOW ALL THE PARTS CONNECT. TREATING BRAIN DISORDERS IS NO DIFFERENT, EXCEPT THAT SCIENTISTS ARE STILL MISSING KEY DETAILS OF THE BRAIN'S WIRING DIAGRAM. TO ADDRESS THIS, SALK RESEARCHERS DEVELOPED A NEW BRAIN-MAPPING TECHNOLOGY CALLED START. THE CUTTING-EDGE TOOL ALLOWS NEUROSCIENTISTS TO TRACE THE CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF BRAIN CELLS WITH UNPRECEDENTED RESOLUTION. USING THIS TECHNIQUE, THE RESEARCHERS BECAME THE FIRST TO RESOLVE CORTICAL CONNECTIVITY AT THE RESOLUTION OF TRANSCRIPTOMIC CELL TYPES. THE DISCOVERIES MADE WITH START WILL HELP RESEARCHERS DESIGN NEW THERAPEUTICS THAT CAN TARGET CERTAIN NEURONS AND BRAIN CIRCUITS WITH GREATER SPECIFICITY AND EFFICACY, AND WITH FEWER SIDE EFFECTS THAN CURRENT PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES. THE STUDY WAS LED BY EDWARD CALLAWAY, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN IN NEURON ON SEPTEMBER 30, 2024. SCIENTISTS CREATE FIRST MAP OF DNA MODIFICATION IN THE DEVELOPING HUMAN BRAIN - A SALK, UC LOS ANGELES, UC SAN FRANCISCO, UC SAN DIEGO, AND SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY TEAM CREATED THE FIRST MAP OF DNA MODIFICATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX-TWO REGIONS OF THE BRAIN CRITICAL TO LEARNING, MEMORY, AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION, AND ALSO FREQUENTLY INVOLVED IN DISORDERS LIKE AUTISM SPECTRUM AND SCHIZOPHRENIA. THE STUDY PROVIDES AN UNPRECEDENTED LOOK AT HOW GENE REGULATION EVOLVES DURING HUMAN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT, SHOWING HOW THE 3D STRUCTURE OF CHROMATIN (DNA AND PROTEINS) PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE. THE PUBLICLY AVAILABLE ONLINE RESOURCE WILL BE A VALUABLE TOOL SCIENTISTS CAN USE TO CONNECT GENETIC VARIANTS ASSOCIATED WITH THESE CONDITIONS TO THE GENES, CELLS, AND DEVELOPMENTAL PERIODS THAT ARE MOST SENSITIVE TO THEIR EFFECTS. THE STUDY WAS LED BY JOSEPH ECKER, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN NATURE ON OCTOBER 9, 2024. THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS: A CROSS-CHIRAL REACTION CHALLENGES OUR DEFINITION OF LIFE - JUST AS YOUR LEFT AND RIGHT HANDS EXIST AS MIRROR IMAGES OF EACH OTHER, MANY BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES HAVE THEIR OWN FORM OF LEFT- AND RIGHT-HANDEDNESS, CALLED CHIRALITY. ON EARTH, ALL RNA EXISTS IN A RIGHT-HANDED CHIRAL FORM. EVEN WHEN SCIENTISTS MAKE SYNTHETIC LEFT-HANDED VERSIONS, THE TWO GROUPS BEHAVE AS IF ON OPPOSITE SIDES OF A MIRROR, UNABLE TO INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER. BUT WHAT IF THEY COULD? USING SOPHISTICATED BIOENGINEERING TECHNIQUES, SALK SCIENTISTS ENGINEERED A CHEMICAL SYSTEM IN WHICH LEFT- AND RIGHT-HANDED VERSIONS OF AN RNA ENZYME COULD EFFECTIVELY "REACH THROUGH THE MIRROR REPLICATE EACH OTHER EXPONENTIALLY AND INDEFINITELY. THIS IS THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF A LIFELIKE CHEMICAL SYSTEM THAT OPERATES ON BOTH SIDES OF THE MIRROR OF CHIRALITY, CREATING THE OPPORTUNITY TO STUDY AN ENTIRELY NEW FORM OF BIOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION. THE ACHIEVEMENT COULD ALSO ADVANCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF CROSS-CHIRAL THERAPEUTICS, DIAGNOSTICS, AND OTHER BIOTECHNOLOGIES. THE STUDY WAS LED BY GERALD JOYCE, MD, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ON OCTOBER 22, 2024. CHOLESTEROL IS NOT THE ONLY LIPID INVOLVED IN TRANS FAT-DRIVEN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - HIGH CHOLESTEROL HAS LONG BEEN THE FOCUS OF MANY HEART HEALTH CAMPAIGNS DUE TO ITS ROLE IN FORMING ARTERY-CLOGGING PLAQUES THAT CAN LEAD TO STROKE, HEART ATTACK, OR ARTERIAL DISEASE. BUT NEW SALK RESEARCH REVEALED THAT ANOTHER CLASS OF LIPIDS, CALLED SPHINGOLIPIDS, CAN ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO ARTERIAL PLAQUES AND HEART DISEASE. WHEN THE TEAM TRACKED THE FLOW OF DIETARY FATS THROUGHOUT THE BODY, THEY FOUND THAT TRANS FATS WERE BEING METABOLIZED INTO SPHINGOLIPIDS, AND THIS DROVE THE LIVER TO SECRETE ARTERY-CLOGGING MOLECULES INTO THE BLOODSTREAM. THE DISCOVERY THAT SPHINGOLIPIDS-NOT JUST CHOLESTEROL-CAN DIRECTLY CONTRIBUTE TO ATHEROSCLEROTIC HEART DISEASE OPENS A WHOLE NEW SET OF MOLECULES AND PATHWAYS THAT COULD BE TARGETED WITH NEW DRUGS TO WARD OFF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, HEART ATTACK, AND STROKE. THE STUDY WAS LED BY CHRISTIAN METALLO, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN CELL METABOLISM ON NOVEMBER 14, 2024.
FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4A CONTINUED NEUROSCIENTISTS DISCOVER HOW THE BRAIN SLOWS ANXIOUS BREATHING - HUMANS HAVE LONG USED SLOW BREATHING TO REGULATE EMOTIONS, AND, FOR THE FIRST TIME, SALK NEUROSCIENTISTS HAVE IDENTIFIED A SPECIFIC BRAIN CIRCUIT THAT MAKES THIS POSSIBLE. USING MICE, THE RESEARCHERS PINPOINTED A GROUP OF BRAIN CELLS IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX OF THE BRAIN THAT CONNECTS TO THE LOWER BRAINSTEM, WHERE VITAL ACTIONS LIKE BREATHING ARE CONTROLLED. THIS NEURAL PATHWAY ALLOWS US TO COORDINATE OUR BREATHING WITH OUR CURRENT BEHAVIORS AND EMOTIONAL STATE. NEW THERAPEUTICS DESIGNED TO TARGET THESE BRAIN CELLS COULD HELP PREVENT PANIC AND HYPERVENTILATION IN ANXIETY AND POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDERS. THE STUDY WAS LED BY SUNG HAN, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN NATURE NEUROSCIENCE ON NOVEMBER 19, 2024. SUPERIOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS ABILITIES OF SOME PLANTS COULD HOLD KEY TO MORE RESILIENT CROPS - MORE THAN 3 BILLION YEARS AGO, ON AN EARTH ENTIRELY COVERED WITH WATER, PHOTOSYNTHESIS FIRST EVOLVED IN ANCIENT BACTERIA. THIS EVOLUTION WAS PUNCTUATED AROUND 30 MILLION YEARS AGO WITH THE EMERGENCE OF A NEWER, BETTER WAY TO PHOTOSYNTHESIZE CALLED C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS. C4 PLANTS CAN THRIVE IN HOT, DRY CLIMATES AND ARE AMONG THE MOST PRODUCTIVE CROP SPECIES IN THE WORLD. HOWEVER, AROUND 95% OF PLANTS USE C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS, A LESS EFFICIENT FORM THAT MAKES THEM MORE VULNERABLE TO DROUGHT AND HEAT. NOW, SALK AND UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE COLLABORATORS HAVE MADE A BREAKTHROUGH IN UNDERSTANDING THE EVOLUTION OF C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS. THEIR FINDINGS MAY BE USED TO DRIVE C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN IMPORTANT C3 CROPS LIKE RICE, WHEAT, AND SOYBEANS, MAKING THEM MORE PRODUCTIVE AND RESILIENT. THE STUDY WAS LED BY JOSEPH ECKER, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN NATURE ON NOVEMBER 20, 2024. YOUR IMMUNE CELLS ARE WHAT THEY EAT - THE DECISION BETWEEN SCRAMBLED EGGS AND AN APPLE FOR BREAKFAST PROBABLY WON'T MAKE OR BREAK YOUR DAY, BUT FOR YOUR CELLS, A SIMILAR DECISION COULD DETERMINE THEIR ENTIRE IDENTITY. SALK RESEARCHERS FOUND THAT THE STATE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM'S T-CELLS COULD BE DETERMINED BY WHICH NUTRIENT THE CELL WAS METABOLIZING. SWITCHING FROM ACETATE TO CITRATE COULD SHIFT THE CELLS FROM AN ACTIVE, DISEASE-FIGHTING "EFFECTOR" STATE TO AN "EXHAUSTED" ONE. THE FINDINGS REVEAL HOW DIFFERENT NUTRIENTS CAN CHANGE A CELL'S GENE EXPRESSION, FUNCTION, AND IDENTITY. THEY ALSO SUGGEST THAT NEW THERAPIES COULD BE DESIGNED TO TARGET THESE NUTRIENT-DEPENDENT MECHANISMS TO HELP T CELLS REMAIN ACTIVE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC DISEASES LIKE CANCER. THE STUDY WAS LED BY SUSAN KAECH, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN SCIENCE ON DECEMBER 12, 2024. PLANT CELLS GAIN IMMUNE CAPABILITIES WHEN IT'S TIME TO FIGHT DISEASE - BECAUSE PLANT CELLS ARE IMMOBILE, EACH CELL IS FORCED TO MANAGE ITS OWN IMMUNITY ON TOP OF ITS MANY OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES. NEW SALK RESEARCH HELPS EXPLAIN HOW THESE MULTITASKING CELLS ACCOMPLISH IT ALL-DETECTING THREATS, RESPONDING TO THEM, AND WARNING OTHERS. WHEN PLANT CELLS ENCOUNTER A PATHOGEN, THEY ENTER A SPECIALIZED IMMUNE STATE AND TEMPORARILY BECOME PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONDER (PRIMER) CELLS THAT ACT AS A HUB TO INITIATE THE IMMUNE RESPONSE. THESE PRIMER CELLS ARE ALSO SURROUNDED BY ANOTHER POPULATION OF CELLS, DEEMED BYSTANDER CELLS, WHICH SEEM TO BE IMPORTANT FOR TRANSMITTING THE IMMUNE RESPONSE THROUGHOUT THE PLANT. THE FINDINGS BRING US CLOSER TO UNDERSTANDING THE PLANT IMMUNE SYSTEM-AN INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT TASK AMID THE GROWING THREATS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE. THE STUDY WAS LED BY JOSEPH ECKER, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN NATURE ON JANUARY 8, 2025. TWO-IN-ONE ROOT ARMOR PROTECTS PLANTS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS AND CAPTURES EXCESS CARBON - TO COMPENSATE FOR THEIR INABILITY TO UP AND MOVE WHEN DANGER STRIKES, MANY PLANTS HAVE EVOLVED DIFFERENT WAYS TO PROTECT THEMSELVES, SUCH AS BUILDING AN ARMOR CALLED THE PERIDERM AROUND THEIR BODY AND ROOTS. SALK RESEARCHERS HAVE DEBUTED THE FIRST COMPREHENSIVE GENE EXPRESSION ATLAS OF THE PLANT PERIDERM AT THE SINGLE-CELL LEVEL. THIS INCLUDES IMPORTANT INSIGHTS INTO PHELLEM CELLS, WHICH ARE RICH IN SUBERIN-A MOLECULE THAT HELPS CAPTURE AND STORE EXCESS CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE ATMOSPHERE. SCIENTISTS CAN NOW USE THIS INFORMATION TO STIMULATE PERIDERM GROWTH IN PLANTS FACING ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS, OR BOOST PHELLEM CELL GENES TO PRODUCE PLANTS WITH ENHANCED CARBON-CAPTURING ABILITIES-A CENTRAL GOAL OF SALK'S HARNESSING PLANTS INITIATIVE. THE STUDY WAS LED BY WOLFGANG BUSCH, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN DEVELOPMENTAL CELL ON JANUARY 9, 2025. PUTTING A LID ON EXCESS CHOLESTEROL TO HALT BLADDER CANCER CELL GROWTH - BLADDER CANCER IS THE FOURTH MOST COMMON CANCER IN MEN, AND, LIKE ALL CANCERS, IT DEVELOPS WHEN ABNORMAL CELLS START TO MULTIPLY OUT OF CONTROL. SALK CANCER BIOLOGISTS HAVE DISCOVERED THAT PIN1, A PROTEIN FIRST DISCOVERED IN THE LAB OF TONY HUNTER, PHD, IN 1996, IS A MAJOR DRIVER OF BLADDER CANCER. THEY REVEALED THAT IT WORKS BY TRIGGERING THE SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL-A LIPID THAT CANCER CELLS USE AS FUEL TO GROW. THE RESEARCHERS DEVELOPED AN EFFECTIVE TWO-DRUG TREATMENT REGIMEN THAT HALTED TUMOR GROWTH IN MICE: SULFOPIN, AN EXPERIMENTAL PIN1 INHIBITOR, AND SIMVASTATIN, A STATIN THAT IS ALREADY COMMONLY USED IN HUMANS TO LOWER CHOLESTEROL LEVELS AND REDUCE THE RISK OF HEART DISEASE. THE STUDY WAS LED BY HUNTER AND PUBLISHED IN CANCER DISCOVERY, A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER RESEARCH, ON JANUARY 14, 2025. BILE ACIDS EXACERBATE LIVER CANCER, DIETARY SUPPLEMENT MAY OFFER RELIEF - IMMUNOTHERAPY HAS MADE AN INCREDIBLE IMPACT ON TREATING CANCERS OF THE LUNG, KIDNEY, AND SKIN-BUT FOR LIVER CANCER, THE TREATMENT HAS BEEN MUCH LESS EFFECTIVE. TO UNDERSTAND WHY, SALK RESEARCHERS TOOK A CLOSER LOOK AT HOW THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND LIVER INTERACT. THEY DISCOVERED THAT CERTAIN BILE ACIDS IN THE LIVER WERE AFFECTING THE ACTIVITY OF CANCER-FIGHTING IMMUNE CELLS CALLED T-CELLS. BUT WHILE MANY OF THESE BILE ACIDS WERE IMPAIRING T-CELL FUNCTION, ONE SPECIFIC BILE ACID, CALLED URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID (UDCA), WAS ACTUALLY BOOSTING THEIR ACTIVITY. AND WHEN MICE WERE GIVEN A UDCA DIETARY SUPPLEMENT, IT WAS ENOUGH TO CONTROL LIVER TUMOR GROWTH. SINCE UDCA IS ALREADY AVAILABLE AS A GENERIC MEDICATION, THE RESEARCHERS ARE HOPEFUL THAT IT COULD BE INCORPORATED INTO LIVER CANCER TREATMENTS TO MAKE IMMUNOTHERAPY MORE EFFECTIVE FOR THESE PATIENTS. THE STUDY WAS LED BY SUSAN KAECH, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN SCIENCE ON JANUARY 9, 2025. BOOSTING THIS MOLECULE COULD HELP RETAIN MUSCLE WHILE LOSING FAT - WEIGHT LOSS DOESN'T DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN FAT AND MUSCLE. PATIENTS USING GLP-1 DRUGS CAN EXPERIENCE RAPID AND SUBSTANTIAL MUSCLE LOSS, ACCOUNTING FOR AS MUCH AS 40 PERCENT OF THEIR TOTAL WEIGHT LOSS. SALK RESEARCHERS DISCOVERED THAT A PROTEIN CALLED BCL6 IS KEY TO MAINTAINING HEALTHY MUSCLE MASS. THE EXPERIMENTS SHOWED THAT FASTING LED TO LOWER BCL6 LEVELS AND REDUCED MUSCLE MASS AND STRENGTH IN MICE, BUT INCREASING BCL6 SUCCESSFULLY REVERSED THESE LOSSES. THE RESEARCHERS SUGGEST THAT PAIRING GLP-1 MEDICATIONS WITH A BCL6-BOOSTING DRUG MAY HELP COUNTERACT UNWANTED MUSCLE LOSS. SIMILAR THERAPIES COULD ALSO BE USED TO TREAT OTHER POPULATIONS PRONE TO MUSCLE LOSS, SUCH AS OLDER ADULTS AND PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC DISEASES LIKE SEPSIS OR CANCER. THE STUDY WAS LED BY RONALD EVANS, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ON JANUARY 22, 2025. NEW STUDY EXPLAINS HOW ANTIDEPRESSANTS CAN PROTECT AGAINST INFECTIONS AND SEPSIS - ANTIDEPRESSANTS LIKE PROZAC ARE COMMONLY PRESCRIBED TO TREAT MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS, BUT NEW RESEARCH SUGGESTS THEY COULD ALSO PROTECT AGAINST LIFE-THREATENING SEPSIS AND SERIOUS INFECTIONS. SALK SCIENTISTS HAVE UNCOVERED HOW THESE DRUGS ARE ABLE TO REGULATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND DEFEND AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASE. THEY FOUND THAT PROZAC INCREASED LEVELS OF AN IMMUNE SYSTEM MOLECULE CALLED INTERLEUKIN-10 IN MICE, WHICH LED TO REDUCED INFLAMMATION AND PREVENTED SEPSIS-INDUCED HEART FAILURE. THESE INSIGHTS COULD LEAD TO A NEW GENERATION OF LIFESAVING MEDICATIONS AND ENHANCE GLOBAL PREPAREDNESS FOR FUTURE PANDEMICS. THE STUDY WAS LED BY JANELLE AYRES, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN SCIENCE ADVANCES ON FEBRUARY 14, 2025. PEPTIDE IMITATION IS THE SINCEREST FORM OF PLANT FLATTERY - FERTILIZER PRODUCTION CONSUMES MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY, AND ITS USE POLLUTES THE WATER, AIR, AND LAND. SALK PLANT BIOLOGISTS ARE PROPOSING A NEW SOLUTION TO HELP KICK THIS UNSUSTAINABLE FERTILIZER HABIT. IN THEIR NEW STUDY, THE RESEARCHERS IDENTIFIED A KEY MOLECULE PRODUCED BY PLANT ROOTS, A SMALL PEPTIDE CALLED CLE16 THAT ENCOURAGES PLANTS AND BENEFICIAL SOIL FUNGI TO INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER. THEY SAY BOOSTING THIS SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP, IN WHICH THE FUNGI PROVIDE MINERAL NUTRIENTS TO THE PLANTS THROUGH CLE16 SUPPLEMENTATION, COULD BE A MORE NATURAL AND SUSTAINABLE WAY TO ENCOURAGE CROP GROWTH WITHOUT THE USE OF HARMFUL ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZERS. THE STUDY WAS LED BY LENA MUELLER, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ON APRIL 14, 2025.
FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4A CONTINUED ESTROGEN-RELATED RECEPTORS COULD BE KEY TO TREATING METABOLIC AND MUSCULAR DISORDERS - ACROSS THE BODY, TINY BEAN-SHAPED STRUCTURES CALLED MITOCHONDRIA TURN THE FOOD WE EAT INTO USABLE ENERGY. THIS CELLULAR-LEVEL METABOLISM IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT IN MUSCLE CELLS, WHICH REQUIRE A LOT OF FUEL TO POWER OUR MOVEMENT. MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IS DIFFICULT TO TREAT, BUT RECENT SALK FINDINGS SHOW THAT A GROUP OF PROTEINS CALLED ESTROGEN-RELATED RECEPTORS COULD BE A NEW AND EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC TARGET. THE SCIENTISTS DISCOVERED THAT ESTROGEN-RELATED RECEPTORS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MUSCLE CELL METABOLISM-ESPECIALLY DURING EXERCISE. DEVELOPING A DRUG TO BOOST ESTROGEN-RELATED RECEPTORS COULD BE A POWERFUL WAY TO RESTORE ENERGY SUPPLIES IN PEOPLE WITH METABOLIC DISORDERS, SUCH AS MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY. THE STUDY WAS LED BY RONALD EVANS, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ON MAY 12, 2025. ACTION! PROTEINS CRITICAL TO HEALTHY BRAIN DEVELOPMENT CAPTURED ON FILM - OUR CELLS RELY ON MICROSCOPIC HIGHWAYS AND SPECIALIZED PROTEIN VEHICLES TO MOVE EVERYTHING-FROM POSITIONING ORGANELLES TO CARTING PROTEIN INSTRUCTIONS TO DISPOSING OF CELLULAR GARBAGE. THESE HIGHWAYS (CALLED MICROTUBULES) AND VEHICLES (CALLED MOTOR PROTEINS) ARE INDISPENSABLE TO CELLULAR FUNCTION AND SURVIVAL. USING ADVANCED MODERN IMAGING TECHNIQUES, SALK RESEARCHERS MADE A MOLECULAR MOVIE OF THE MOTOR PROTEIN DYNEIN BEING TURNED ON BY ITS SMALL PARTNER PROTEIN LIS1. THE FINDINGS PAVE THE WAY FOR NEW THERAPEUTICS THAT RESTORE LIS1 AND DYNEIN FUNCTION-A CRUCIAL TASK, SINCE THEIR DYSFUNCTION CAN LEAD TO SEVERE DEVELOPMENTAL AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. THE STUDY WAS LED BY AGNIESZKA KENDRICK, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ON MAY 23, 2025. CANNABIS PANGENOME REVEALS POTENTIAL FOR MEDICINAL AND INDUSTRIAL USE - CANNABIS HAS BEEN A GLOBALLY IMPORTANT CROP FOR MILLENNIA, SERVING AS A CORNERSTONE OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION BY PROVIDING SEED OIL, TEXTILES, AND FOOD FOR OVER 10,000 YEARS. TODAY, CANNABIS REMAINS AN UNDERSTUDIED AND UNDERUTILIZED RESOURCE, BUT US BILLS PASSED IN 2014 AND 2018 HAVE RE-ENERGIZED CANNABIS CROP DEVELOPMENT FOR MEDICINAL, GRAIN, AND FIBER APPLICATIONS. SALK PLANT BIOLOGISTS HAVE CREATED THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE, HIGH-QUALITY, AND DETAILED GENETIC ATLAS OF CANNABIS TO DATE. THE TEAM ANALYZED 193 DIFFERENT CANNABIS GENOMES (ENTIRE SETS OF GENETIC INFORMATION), REVEALING AN UNPRECEDENTED DIVERSITY, COMPLEXITY, AND UNTAPPED OPPORTUNITY WITHIN THIS FOUNDATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SPECIES. THEIR FINDINGS SET THE STAGE FOR TRANSFORMATIVE ADVANCES IN CANNABIS-BASED AGRICULTURE, MEDICINE, AND INDUSTRY. THE STUDY WAS LED BY TODD MICHAEL, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN NATURE ON MAY 28, 2025.
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see the Instructions for Form 990 or 990-EZ.
Cat. No. 51056K
Schedule O (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)


Additional Data


Software ID: 24020961
Software Version: 2024v5.1
SCHEDULE R
(Form 990)
(Rev. January 2025)
Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
Related Organizations and Unrelated Partnerships
Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 33, 34, 35b, 36, or 37.
Attach to Form 990.
Go to www.irs.gov/Form990 for instructions and the latest information.

OMB No. 1545-0047
Open to Public Inspection
Name of the organization
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
 
Employer identification number

95-2160097
Part I
Identification of Disregarded Entities. Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 33.
(a)
Name, address, and EIN (if applicable) of disregarded entity


(b)
Primary activity


 		(c)
Legal domicile (state
or foreign country)

 		(d)
Total income


 		(e)
End-of-year assets


 		(f)
Direct controlling
entity










Part II
Identification of Related Tax-Exempt Organizations. Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 34 because it had one or more related tax-exempt organizations during the tax year.
(a)
Name, address, and EIN of related organization


(b)
Primary activity


 		(c)
Legal domicile (state
or foreign country)

 		(d)
Exempt Code section


 		(e)
Public charity status
(if section 501(c)(3))

 		(f)
Direct controlling
entity

 		(g)
Section 512(b)(13) controlled entity?
Yes No












For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see the Instructions for Form 990.
Cat. No. 50135Y
Schedule R (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Schedule R (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Page 2
Part III
Identification of Related Organizations Taxable as a Partnership. Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 34, because it had one or more related organizations treated as a partnership during the tax year.
(a)
Name, address, and EIN of
related organization



 		(b)
Primary activity




 		(c)
Legal
domicile
(state or foreign
country)


 		(d)
Direct controlling
entity



 		(e)
Predominant income(related, unrelated, excluded from tax under sections 512-514)

(f)
Share of total income




 		(g)
Share of end-of-year
assets



 		(h)
Disproprtionate allocations?




 		(i)
Code V-UBI
amount in box 20 of
Schedule K-1
(Form 1065)
 		(j)
General or
managing
partner?



 		(k)
Percentage
ownership
Yes No Yes No












Part IV
Identification of Related Organizations Taxable as a Corporation or Trust. Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 34 because it had one or more related organizations treated as a corporation or trust during the tax year.
(a)
Name, address, and EIN of
related organization
 		(b)
Primary activity
 		(c)
Legal
domicile
(state or foreign
country)
 		(d)
Direct controlling
entity
 		(e)
Type of entity
(C corp, S corp,
or trust) 		(f)
Share of total income
 		(g)
Share of end-of-year
assets
 		(h)
Percentage
ownership
 		(i)
Section 512(b)(13) controlled entity?
Yes No
(1) SALK INSTITUTE COMMERCIAL SERVICES CORP

10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD
LA JOLLA,CA920371002
23-2159172 		MGMT SERVICES PA SALK INSTITUTE
  		C Corporation 4 41,147 100.00 % Yes  
(2) CHARITABLE REMAINDER TRUSTS (5)

 
 
SUPPORT CA NA
  		Trust          










Schedule R (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Schedule R (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Page 3
Part V
Transactions With Related Organizations. Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 34, 35b, or 36.
Note. Complete line 1 if any entity is listed in Parts II, III, or IV of this schedule.
Yes
No
1 During the tax year, did the orgranization engage in any of the following transactions with one or more related organizations listed in Parts II-IV?
a Receipt of (i) interest, (ii) annuities, (iii) royalties, or (iv) rent from a controlled entity .....................
1a
 
No
b Gift, grant, or capital contribution to related organization(s) ............................
1b
 
No
c Gift, grant, or capital contribution from related organization(s) ............................
1c
 
No
d Loans or loan guarantees to or for related organization(s) ............................
1d
 
No
e Loans or loan guarantees by related organization(s) ............................
1e
 
No
f Dividends from related organization(s) ............................
1f
 
No
g Sale of assets to related organization(s) ............................
1g
 
No
h Purchase of assets from related organization(s) ............................
1h
 
No
i Exchange of assets with related organization(s) ............................
1i
 
No
j Lease of facilities, equipment, or other assets to related organization(s) .......................
1j
 
No
k Lease of facilities, equipment, or other assets from related organization(s) ......................
1k
 
No
l Performance of services or membership or fundraising solicitations for related organization(s) .....................
1l
 
No
m Performance of services or membership or fundraising solicitations by related organization(s) .................
1m
 
No
n Sharing of facilities, equipment, mailing lists, or other assets with related organization(s) ...................
1n
Yes
 
o Sharing of paid employees with related organization(s) ............................
1o
Yes
 
p Reimbursement paid to related organization(s) for expenses ............................
1p
 
No
q Reimbursement paid by related organization(s) for expenses ............................
1q
Yes
 
r Other transfer of cash or property to related organization(s) ............................
1r
 
No
s Other transfer of cash or property from related organization(s) ............................
1s
 
No
2
If the answer to any of the above is "Yes," see the instructions for information on who must complete this line, including covered relationships and transaction thresholds.
(a)
Name of related organization 		(b)
Transaction
type (a-s) 		(c)
Amount involved 		(d)
Method of determining amount involved





Schedule R (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Schedule R (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Page 4
Part VI
Unrelated Organizations Taxable as a Partnership. Complete if the organization answered "Yes" on Form 990, Part IV, line 37.
Provide the following information for each entity taxed as a partnership through which the organization conducted more than five percent of its activities (measured by total assets or gross revenue) that was not a related organization. See instructions regarding exclusion for certain investment partnerships.
(a)
Name, address, and EIN of entity 		(b)
Primary activity 		(c)
Legal domicile
(state or foreign
country) 		(d)
Predominant income (related, unrelated, excluded from tax under sections 512-514)

(e)
Are all partners
section
501(c)(3)
organizations? 		(f)
Share of total income




 		(g)
Share of
end-of-year
assets 		(h)
Disproprtionate allocations? 		(i)
Code V-UBI
amount in box 20
of Schedule K-1
(Form 1065) 		(j)
General or
managing
partner? 		(k)
Percentage
ownership
Yes No Yes No Yes No






























Schedule R (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Schedule R (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)
Page 5
Part VII
Supplemental Information
Provide additional information for responses to questions on Schedule R. See instructions.
Return Reference Explanation
Schedule R (Form 990) (Rev. 1-2025)

Additional Data


Software ID: 24020961
Software Version: 2024v5.1